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1.1.2 ¦Û±q1960¦~ªº¤H¤f´¶¬d¡A©x¤èªºªº§@ªk«h¬O±N½Õ¬d¤¤ÁnºÙ¦Û¤v¬°¦L¦a¦w¤HªÌ¡A³£­pºâ¦b¦L¦a¦w¤HªºÃþ§O¤§¤U¡F®Ú¾Ú2000¦~ªº¤H¤f´¶¬d¸ê®Æ¡A¬ü°ê­ì¦í¥Á¤H¤fÁ`¼Æ¬°2,500,000¡A¬ù¬°¬ü°êÁ`¤H¤fªº0.9%¡A¤ñ1990¦~ªº¤H¤f´¶¬d¦¨ªø110%¡A¥D­nªº²z¥Ñ¬O2000¦~ªº¤H¤f´¶¬d¤¹³\¦h­«¿ï¾Ü¡A¤£¤Ö¤£¤Ö²V¦åªÌ¤]«ÅºÙ¦Û¤v¬O¦L¦a¦w¤H¡]Snipp, 2002: 8-10; American Indian Graduate Center, 2003¡^¡C

1.1.3  ¦Û±q19¥@¬ö¶}©l¡A¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È§½¤@ª½¹ï©ó¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº¦å²Î«O¦³¬ö¿ý¡A¤]´N¬O¥H©x¤è»{©wªº¤è¦¡¨M©w½Ö¬O¦L¦a¦w¤H¡A¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A¦b¯A¤Î©x¤èºÖ§Qªº¤À°t¡A¥²¶·¦³¦Ü¤Ö¥|¤À¤§¤@ªº¦å²Î¡F¦Û±q1970¦~¥N°_¡A³vº¥©ñÃP¼Ð·Ç¡A¤]´N¬OÅý¦U³¡¸¨¨M©w¦Û¤v±Ú¤Hªº¸ê®æ¡A¤£¹L¡A¦U¤½®a³æ¦ì¤]¦³¤£¦Pªº¼Ð·Ç¡]Snipp, 2002: 6-8; Native American Culture, 2002; Gardiner-Garden, 2003¡^¡C¤jÅé¦Ó¨¥¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²¹ï¦L¦a¦w­Ó¤H¨­¥÷¨Ã¥¼§@¥¿¦¡ªº©w¸q¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²¥u§@±Ú¸s»{©w¡A¦Ü©ó­Ó¤H¬O§_¨ã¦³¦L¦a¦w¤H¨­¤ÀªºÃѧO¡A¥æµ¹¦U¦L¦a¦w¬F©²¨Ó§@¡A¦Ó¦U±Ú¤]¦³¤£¦P¼Ð·Ç¤§³W©w¡]Á­YÄõ¡A2003¡G232¡^¡C

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1.2.2 ±q1971¦~ªº¤H¤f´¶¬d°_¡A­ì¦í¥Á¤~¶}©l³Q¯Ç¤J¤H¤fÁ`¼Æªº­pºâ¡F¥Ñ©ó¤H¤f´¶¬d±Ä¨ú¦Û§Ú»{©w¡A¾ú¦~ªº­ì¦í¥Á¤H¤f¤@ª½¦b¦¨ªø¡]Gardiner-Garden, 2003¡^¡C®Ú¾Ú2001¦~ªº¤H¤f´¶¬d¡A¦³410.003¤Hµn°O¬°­ì¦í¥Á¡A¦û¿D¬w¥þ³¡¤H¤f18,972,350ªº2.2%¡F¤£¹L¡A¿D¬w²Î­p§½¦ô­p¡A¹ê»Ú¤Wªº¤H¼ÆÀ³¸Ó¦³458,500¡]2.4%¡^¡]Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 2004¡^¡C

1.2.3 ®Ú¾Ú¿D¬w²Î­p§½¡A¿D¬w­ì¦í¥Áªº¥þºÙ¬O¡u­ì¦í¥Áº[¦«¹p´µ®ü®l¸s®q¤H¡v¡]Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander¡^¡C¦Û±q1980¦~¥N°_¡A©x¤è³vº¥±Ä¨ú¤T¶µ¼Ð·Ç¡A¯S§O¬O¦æ¬F¤W¡B©Î¬O¥qªk¤Wªº¥Î³~¡G¡]¤@¡^¨ã¦³¿D¬w­ì¦í¥Á¡B©Î¬O©ì¹p´µ®ü®l¸s®q¤Hªº¦å²Î¡]descent¡B©Î¬Oorigin¡^¡B¡]¤G¡^¦Û§Ú»{©w¬°­ì¦í¥Á¡]self-identification¡^¡B¥H¤Î¡]¤T¡^³Q©Ò©~¦íªº­ì¦í¥ÁªÀ¸s±µ¨ü¬°­ì¦í¥Áªº¤@­û¡]community recognition¡^¡]Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2004; Gardiner-Garden, 2003¡^¡F²Ä¤G¡B¤T¶µ¥i¥Hºâ¬O¼eÃPªº¦Û§Ú»{©w¡C

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1.3.1 ¾¨ºÞ¯Ã¦èÄõ¬O¤£¦¨¤åªkªº°ê®a¡A¤£¹L¡A¦b1840¦~ñ­qªº¡y¥~©Z¦N±ø¬ù¡z¡]Treaty of Waitangi¡^½T¥ß¤F¤ò§Q¤HÅv§Qªº°ò¦¡C§Ú­Ì¦]¦¹µø¬°­ì¦í¥Áªº¨­¤Àµ¥¦P¦³³Q¾Ëªk©Ó»{¡C

1.3.2 ¯Ã¦èÄõªº¤H¤f´¶¬d±Ä¨ú¦Û§Ú»{©w¡A¦Ó¥B¤]±µ¨ü¨º¨Ç¿ï¾Ü¦h­«»{¦Pªº¤H¡]¤]´N¬O¸ó±Ú¸s³q±B¡^¡A¬Æ¦Ü°Ý¤F¬O§_¦³¤ò§Q¤H¦å²Î¡]descent¡B©Îancestry¡^¡A¦]¦¹¡A¤ò§Q¤Hªº¤H¤f¬Ý¨Ó¬O¤@ª½¦b¦¨ªø¤§¤¤¡]New Zealand, Statistics New Zealand, n.a.: Gardiner-Garden, 2003¡^¡C®Ú¾Ú2001¦~ªº¤H¤f´¶¬d¡A¯Ã¦èÄõªº¤ò§Q¤HÁ`¼Æ¬°526,281¡A¦ûÁ`¤H¤fªº15%¡]Te Puni Kokiri, n.d.¡^¡C

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2.1.1 Áp¨¹­º®u¤jªk©x°¨·²º¸¡]Marshall¡^¦bµÛ¦Wªº¡y¬d¬¥°ò¥Á±Ú®×¡z¡]Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831¡^«ü¥X¡A¦L¦a¦w¤H¬O¡u°ê¤º­Ê¿à¥Á±Ú¡v¡]domestic dependent nations¡^¡A»{¬°¥L­Ì¦³¬J¦sªº¥DÅv¡]inherent sovereignty¡^¨Ã¨S¦³³Q±ø¬ù­é¹Ü¡F¥L«á¨Ó¤S¦b¡y´ìÁ´µ¯S®×¡z¡]Worcester v. Georgia, 1832¡^¤¤§P¨M¡A¬d¬¥°ò¥Á±Úªº¥DÅv¨Ã¥¼³Q³ìªv¨È¦{©Ò¨ú¥N¡F¤£¹L¡A¥qªk§P¨M¼Ä¤£¹L¬Fªv¹B§@ªºÀ£¨î¡A¬d¬¥°ò¥Á±Ú³Ì«áÁÙ¬O³Q­¢¶°Åé¾E§ø¡]Frideres & Elliott, 1992: 139-40¡^¡C¬ü°ê°ê·|§ó¦b1871¦~«Å¥¬¡A±q¦¹¡A¦L¦a¦w¤H¤£¦A³Qµø¬°¿W¥ßªº¥Á±Ú¡B¦Ó¬O³QÁp¨¹¬F©²ºÊÅ@ªÌ¡]ward¡^¡A¦]¦¹¡A¥L­Ì¹L¥h³z¹L±ø¬ù©Ò½T«Oªº¬J¦³¡]inherent¡^Åv§Q¡A±N±qÅܦ¨¬O³Q±Â»Pªº¡]delegated¡^¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A³s°_½Xªº¦Û¨MÅv¤]³à¥¢¤F¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 139-44¡^¡C¤@ª½¨ì°ê·|³q¹L¡y¦L¦a¦w¦Û¨Mº[±Ð¨|¸É§Uªk¡z¡]Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act, 1975¡^¡Aªø´Á³QÀ£¨îªº¦Û¨MÅv¤~¦b±Ð¨|¡Bµo®i¡B¥H¤ÎªÀ·|ºÖ§Q¤è­±«ì´_¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 156¡^¡F¾¨ºÞ¦p¦¹¡A³»¦h¬O¹ï¤º¦Û¨M¡C

2.1.2 ¦b1871-87¤§¶¡¡A¬ü°ê±Ä¨ú«O¯d°Ï¨î«×¡A¥H¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È§½¨ÓºÞ²z¦L¦a¦w¤H¡F·í®Éªº·Qªk¬O³z¹LºØ±Ú¹jÂ÷¨Ó¥[³t¦P¤Æªº¶i¦æ¡A¤£¹L¡A¥Ñ©ó©x­ûªº»G¤Æ¡A¥H¤Î°·«O¡B¸gÀÙ¡B¥H¤ÎªÀ·|±Ï§Uªº¸g¶O¤£¨¬¡A¤Ï¦Ó³y¦¨³¡¸¨ªº°I±Ñ¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 144-45¡^¡C½ñÅé¦Ó¨¥¡A¦L¦a¦w¤H¦b«O¯d°Ï¦³¬Û·íªº¦ÛªvÅv¡A¥i¥H»¡©M¦{¬F©²¦³®t¤£¦hªºÅv§Q¡]Meyers & Landau, 1998¡^¡C

2.1.3 ¦Û±q¡y¼w©Ô¥Ë±ø¬ù¡z¡]Delaware Treaty, 1778¡^¨ì¬ü°ê°ê·|¦b1871¦~°ê·|¤£¦A©Ó»{¦L¦a¦w¤H¬°¿W¥ßªº¥Á±Ú¬°¤î¡A¦b±Nªñ¤@­Ó¥@¬ö¤§¶¡¡A¬ü°ê¬F©²³z¹L¡u¬F©²¹ï¬F©²¡v¡]government-to-government¡^ªº¤è¦¡¡A»P¦L¦a¦w¤Hñ­q¤F370­Ó±ø¬ù¡C¤jÅé¦Ó¨¥¡A°£¤F«O¯d°Ïªº¦³­­¤g¦a¡A¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº¤g¦aÅv¡B¥H¤Î¬ÛÃöªºº®ÂyÅv¦bñ­q±ø¬ùªº¹Lµ{¤¤µ{¤j¦h³Q­é¹Ü¡C

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2.2.1 ¿D¬wªº¬Fªv¤Hª«±q1980¦~¥N°_¡A¶}©l½Í­ì¦í¥Áªº¦Û¨MÅv¡A¤£¹L¡A¤j¦h¬O±Ä¥Î¤ñ¸û¯U¸qªº¸ÑÄÀ¡AÄ´¦p¡u¦Û§ÚºÞ²z¡v¡]self-management¡^¡B©Î¬O¡u¦Û§Ú°ö¤O¡v¡]self-empowerment¡^¡F§Ú­Ì¥i¥H»¡¡A¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡A¿D¬w¬F©²¨Ã¤£©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Áªº¦Û¨MÅv¡]Gardiner-Garden, 1999: Fletcher, 1999: 342-43¡^¡C¡C

2.2.2 ¿D¬w¬F©²¨Ã¤£©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Á¦³¦ÛªvÅv¡A½Íªº¬O¡u°Ï°ì¦Û¥D¡v¡]regional autonomy¡^¡]Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, 1999¡^¡C

2.2.3 ÁöµM¦³¤H«Øij¿D¬w¬F©²¾Ç¯Ã¦èÄõ¡A¥Hñ­q±ø¬ù¡B©Î¬O·ù¬ù¡]compact¡^ªº¤è¦¡¨Ó»P­ì¦í¥Á¶i¦æ©M¸Ñ¡A¦ý¨Ã¥¼¨ü¨ì¬Fªv¤Hª«¼sªx±µ¨ü¡]Gardiner-Garden, 1999¡^¡F¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡A§Ú­Ì¬Ý¨ìªº¥D­n¬O²o¯A¨ì¤g¦aÅvªº¡u¨ó©w¡v¡]agreement¡^¡C

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2.3.1 ¤ò§Q¤H­©ªø»P­^¤ý¦b1840¦~ñ©w¡y¥~©Z¤Î±ø¬ù¡z¡]Treaty of Waitangi¡^¡A¤ò§Q¤H¦P·N±µ¨ü¥Õ¤H¾Á´Þªº¨Æ¹ê¡B¨Ã±N¥DÅv¥æ¥X¨Ó¡A¥H¥æ´«­^°êªº«OÅ@¡A¤]´N¶¡±µ¦Û§Ú§_©w«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó¤ò§Q¥Á±Ú°ê®aªº¥i¯à¡]Durie, 1998: 3¡B177: Ward, 1999¡^¡C

2.3.2 ¯Ã¦èÄõ¤ò§Q¤H¦b½×­z¦Û¨MÅv¤§»Ú¡A¥D­nªº¥Ø¼Ð¬Oµo®i¡B»{¦P¡B¥H¤ÎÀô«O¡A¨Ã¥¼´£¨ì¦Ûªv¡]Durie, 1998: 6¡^¡C

2.3.3 ¯Ã¦èÄõ¬F©²»P¤ò§Q¤H¦b1840¦~ñ­q¡y¥~©Z¤Î±ø¬ù¡z¡A­ì¥»³QÂù¤è©¿²¤¡A¤£¹L¡A¦b¥Õ¤H¬F©²¦b¤é«á·Q­n¶i¦æ°ê®a¾ã¦X¤§»Ú¡A³o­Ó¾ú¥v¤å¥ó¦¨¤F¤ò§Q¤HÅv§Qªº¨Ó·½¡]Durie, 1998: 178¡^¡C

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2.4.1 ¥[®³¤j¬F©²ÁöµM©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Áªº¦ÛªvÅv¡A¤£¹L¡A«o¤£Ä@©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Á¨ã¦³°ê»Úªk·N¸qªº¥DÅv¡F¦b³o¼Ëªº«e´£¤U¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²¹ªÀy­ì¦í¥Á¶i¦æ¹ê¬I¦Ûªvªº½Í§P¡A³»¦h¬O©Ó»{¦³­­ªº¦Û¨MÅv¡]Canada, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, 1995; Behrendt, 2000¡^¡C

2.4.2¥[®³¤j¬F©²¦b¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¥½¸­¶}©l¦b«O¯d°Ï³]¸m¡uªÀij·|¡v¡A¨C­ÓªÀ¦³¤@¦W¡u­©ªø¡v¡B¥H¤Î¨Ì¾Ú¤H¤f¤ñ¨Òªº¡uªÀij­û¡v¡A¥ÑªÀ¥Á¿ïÁ|²£¥Í¡FªÀij·|ªº²Õ´¦³ÂI¹³¥[®³¤jªº¥«¬F©²¦w±Æ¡A¬OÁp¨¹¬F©²¦b«O¯d°Ïªº¦æ¬F³æ¦ì¡A¦]¦¹¡A¤£¯àºâ¬O­ì¦í¥Á¦Ûªvªº¹ê½î¡]Frideres, 1998: 433¡^¡CÁp¨¹¬F©²­ì¥»¦P·N¦b¥¼¨Óªº­×¾Ë±ø¤å¤¤¡y1992¬dµ¸¯S«°¨ó©w¡z¡]²Ä41±ø¡^½T»{­ì¦í¥Á¡u¬J¦³ªº¦ÛªvÅv¡v¡]Turpel, 1993: 135-37¡B139-41¡^¡F¤£¹L¡A¦b1992¦~ªº¥þ°êªº¤½¥Á§ë²¼¤¤¥\±Ñ««¦¨¡C¤@ª½­n¨ì1995¦~¡A¦Û¥ÑÄÒ¬F©²¤½§G¤@¥÷¡y­ì¦í¥Á¦ÛªvÁp¨¹¬Fµ¦«ü¾É¡z¡A¥¿¦¡©Ó»{¡u­ì¦í¥Á¬J¦³ªº¦ÛªvÅv¡v¡Aºâ¬O½T»{¡y1982¾Ë¬Fªk®×¡z¤¤©Ò¿×ªº¡u¬J¦³ªº­ì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q¡v¡]existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada¡^¡C¬F©²¤S¦b1997¦~´£¥X¡y¥[®³¤j­ì¦í¥Á¦æ°Ê¤è®×¡z¡A¦A«×©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Á¬J¦³ªº¦ÛªvÅv¡C¦b¹L¥h±Nªñ¤T¤Q¦~¥H¨Ó¡A¤w¸g¦³¦n´X­Ó­ì¦í¥Á¦Ûªv¬F©²¸g¹L½Í§P¦Ó¶¶§Q¦¨¥ß¡AÄ´¦p»í¥_§J¬ÙªºCree»PNaskapi¦L¦a¦w¤HªºªÀ¡BInuitªºKativik¦a°Ï¬F©²¡A­^ÄÝ­ô­Û¤ñ¨È¬ÙSechelt¦L¦a¦w¤HªºªÀ¡A¨|ªÅ»â¦a¤C­Ó²Ä¤@¥Á±Úªº¦Ûªv¬F©²¡A¦è¥_»â¦aªºInuit¥t¥~¦¨¥ßªºNunavut»â¦a¡A­^ÄÝ­ô­Û¤ñ¨È¬ÙNisga¡¦a¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº§ø¬F©²¡]¬I¥¿¾W¡A2005¡^¡C

2.4.3³Ì¦­¡A¥[®³¤jªº­ì¦í¥Á¥u¬O³Q·í§@­^°êªº¶T©ö¹Ù¦ñ¡A¥Î¨Ó¹ï§Üªk°ê¤H¡B¥H¤Î«á¨Ó¿W¥ßªº¬ü°ê¡A¦]¦¹¦³©Ò¿×ªº¡u¤Í½Ë±ø¬ù¡v¡B©Î¬O¡u©M¥­±ø¬ù¡v¡]Behrendt, 2000¡^¡C·í¦~­^°ê¬Ó®a»P¥_¬ü¬wªº­ì¦í¥Áñ­q±ø¬ù¡A©Ó»{¹ï¤è¬O¡u¥­µ¥ªº¦Ûªv¥Á±Ú¡v¡F³QºÙ¬°¡u¦L¦a¦wÅv§Q¤j¾Ë³¹¡vªº¡y¬Ó®a«Å¨¥¡z¡]1763¡^ ¤@¤è­±©ú¤å©Ó»{¡u­ì¦í¥Á¬O¥Á±Ú¡v¡B¥t¤@¤è­±¥H©v¥D°ê¦Û©~¡A»}¨¥«OÅ@­ì¦í¥Á¡]Frideres, 1998: 381¡^¡C¤£¹L¡AÀHµÛ¾Á´ÞªÌ¦b¥_¬ü¬wªº¶Õ¤OÂX®i¡A©¼¦¹ªºÃö«Y¥Ñ¤Í¦nªº­x¨Æµ²·ùÂର¤ä°t¡A«á¨Óªº±ø¬ùÅܦ¨­ì¦í¥Á¥Î¤g¦aªº©ñ±ó¨Ó¥æ´«¬F©²«OÅ@¡B¸ÉÀv¡B©Î¬Oº®ÂyÅv¡F¦b¹ê»Ú¤Wªº¹B§@¡A¤£¶È­ì¦í¥ÁªºÅv§Q³QÁY¤p¸ÑÄÀ¡A³s¬F©²¦b±ø¬ù¤¤©ÒµªÀ³ªº±ø¥ó¤]©¹©¹­¹¨¥¦ÓªÎ¡A¥Õ¤H¬Æ¦Ü©ó¤ù­±±N±ø¬ù¸ÑÄÀ¬°¨p¤Hªº«´¬ù¡]Tully, 1995: 136; Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 31-32¡^¡C

¤£¹L¡A¦b³Ì°ªªk°|§@¤FCalder v. Attorney-General of British Columbia (1973)§P¨M¥H«á¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²¶É¦V©ó¨Ï¥Î½Í§P¡B­q¬ùªº¤è¦¡¨Ó³B²z­ì¦í¥Áªº¤g¦aÅv®×¤l¡A¯S§O¬O±q¨Ó¨S¦³Ã±­q±ø¬ù©ñ±ó¤g¦aÅvªÌ¡A¥H§K©]ªø¹Ú¦h¡F¨ó°Ó©Òñ­qªº¨ó©w¥]¬A¦UºØ§Î¦¡¡A¤]´N¬O±ø¬ù¡Bªk®×¡B«´¬ù¡B©Î¬O¨óij³Æ§Ñ¿ý¡A³o¨Ç¨ó©w¨ä¹ê´N¬O²{¥Nª©ªº±ø¬ù¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 33-35¡^¡C

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2.5.1 ¦b¾Ëªk¤Q¤@³¹¡u¦a¤è¨î«×¡v½g´£¨ì»X¥j¡B¥H¤Î¦èÂ꺦۪v¡A¦b²Ä¤Q¤T³¹¡u°ò¥»°êµ¦¡v½g´£¨ì¡uÃäæ¦a°Ï¦U¥Á±Ú¡vªº¦a¤è¦Ûªv¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¨Ó¬O¦b³æ¤@Åé¨î¤§¤U³Æ±Â»P¦ÛªvÅvªº¡u¦a¤è¦Ûªv¡v¡A»P­ì¦í¥Á±Ú¹ê½î¶°Åé¦ÛªvÅvªº¤è¦V«nÁÕ¥_Âá¡C¦b²Ä¥|¦¸­×¾ËùØ¡A²Ä10±ø¡]²Ä10´Ú¡^´£¨ì¡u¥Á±Ú·NÄ@¡v¦r²´¡A³Q¼ÖÆ[¦a¸ÑÄÀ¬°­ì¦í¥Áªº¡u¥Á±Ú±ø´Ú¡v¡A¤]´N¬O¦æ¨Ï¥Á±Ú¦Û¨MÅvªºªk·½¡A¤£¹L¡A¤´¦³¬Û·í¤jªºª§Ä³©Ê¡C

2.5.2¡@¥ßªk©e­û¶Àº¸æ¢µ¥¤H¡A¦b1998¦~¸Õ¹Ï¦b¯óÀÀ¤¤ªº¡y¦a¤è¦Ûªvªk¡z¥[¤J¦Ûªv°Ïªº¦w±Æ¡F³Ì«á³q¹Lªº¡y¦a¤è¨î«×ªk¡z¡]1999¡^²×¨s¥¼¯à²[»\¨äºë¯«¡F¤@¯ëªº¬Ýªk¬O±N¥Ø«eªº¤s¦a¶mÂí½á¤©¦Ûªv°Ïªº¦a¦ì¡C­ì¦í¥Á¥ß©e½²¤¤²[¦b1999-2000¦~¤§¶¡¡A¤]³z¹L¡y¥xÆW­ì¦í¥Á±Ú°ò¥»ªk¯ó®×¡zªºÀÀ©w¡A¹ï©ó¦Ûªv°Ïªº¦¨¥ß¡A»P¾ÇªÌ§@¤F¬Û·íµ{«×ªº·N¨£¾ã¦X¡C¥Ñ©ó´Â¤p³¥¤jªº§x¹Ò¡A¥Á¶iÄÒ¬F©²¦b­º«×°õ¬F¤§«á¡AÁöµMÁ`²Î©²¤HÅv¿Ô¸ß¤p²Õ¹ï©ó¦¨¥ß­ì¦í¥Á¦Ûªv°Ïªí¹FÃöª`¡]2001¡^¡A²×¨s¥¼¯à±N¶¶§Q±À°Ê¡y­ì¦í¥Á±Ú¦Ûªv°Ïªk¯ó®×¡z¡C¤£¹L¡A¥X¤H·N®Æ¤§¥~¦a¡A¥ßªk°|¦b2005¦~1¤ë21¤é³q¹L¡y­ì¦í¥Á±Ú°ò¥»ªk¡z¡]ªþ¿ý¡^¡A½T»{¡u­ì¦í¥Á±Ú¦ÛªvÅv¡v¡A¦Ûªv°ÏÀ³¸Ó¥i¥H¦b¤T¦~¤º¦¨¥ß¡C

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3.1.2 ¦Û±q¬ü°ê°ê·|¦b1975¦~³q¹L¡y¦L¦a¦w¦Û¨Mº[±Ð¨|¸É§Uªk¡z¡]Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act, 1975¡^¡A³¡¸¨©Ò³]ªº°|®Õ¶}©l¥X²{¡A³¡¸¨¤p¾Ç«h¬O±Ä¥ÎÂù»y±Ð¨|¡B¨Ã¥B¯S§O­«µø­ì¦í¥Á¾ú¥v¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 156¡^¡C

3.1.3 ¥Ø«e¡A¬ü°ê¦³78­Ó¥Ñ­ì¦í¥Á¸gÀ窺¤½¥ß¼s¼½¹q¥x¡]¨ä¤¤30®a¦bªü©Ô´µ¥[¡^¡A¥D­n¦ì©ó«O¯d°Ï¸ÌÀY¡C¥t¥~¡A¡u¬ü°ê¦L¦a¦wµL­­½Ã¬Pºô¡v¡]American Indian Radio on Satellite¡A²¼g¬°AIROS¡^«h³z¹L50­Ó­ì¦í¥Á¤½¦@¹q¥x¡A¦V³¡¸¨ªÀ°Ï©Î¬O¤@¯ë¤j²³¼½©ñ­ì¦í¥Á¸`¥Ø¡]Corporations for Public Broadcasting, 2002: 14¡^¡C¬ü°ê¥Ø«e°£¤F¦³¥|®a«D¸Ç¤½¦@¹qµø¥x¡A¦è¯Z¤ú¸Ç¡B¥H¤Î¨È¸Ç¤½¦@¹qµø¥x¦U¤@®a¡A´N¬O¨S¦³­ì¦í¥Á±MÄݪº¤½¦@¹qµø¥x¡]Corporations for Public Broadcasting, 2002: 25¡^¡C

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3.2.2  ¦Û±q1973¦~¡A¥_»â¦aªº¤@¨Ç¾Ç®Õ¶}©l¸ÕÅç­^»y¡þ­ì¦í¥Á»yªºÂù»y±Ð¨|¡F¥Ø«e¡A¿D¬w¦³21©Ò­^»y¡þ­ì¦í¥Á»yªºÂù»y¾Ç®Õ¡A21®a¦b¥_»â¦a¡B4®a¦b¦è¿D¡]Reconciliation and Social Justice Library, n.d.¡^¡C

3.2.3   ¥Ø«e¦³30¹ÎÅé¦b»s§@¸`¥Ø¨ÑÀ³µ¹¤½¦@¼s¼½¹q¥x¡A¤@­Ó§«ô¦³180¤p®Éªº¼½¥X®É¼Æ¡F¤¤¥¡¿D¬w­ì¦í¥Á´CÅé¨ó·|¡]CAAM¡^³z¹L½Ã¬P¶Ç°e¦UºØ¹qµø¸`¥Øµ¹¤¤¥_¿D¬wªºÆ[²³¡A¤£¹L¡A¤@­Ó§«ô¥u¦³¤@­Ó¤p®É¬O¦³Ãö­ì¦í¥Á¡F¥t¥~¡ACAAM¸gÀç°ß¿W¶È¦³ªº­ì¦í¥Á¤½¦@¼s¼½¹q¥x8 KIN¡A³z¹L½Ã¬P¼½©ñªº½ÕÀW¹q¥x¡F¥t¥~¡A»·¶Z­ì¦í¥ÁªÀ°Ï¼½©ñ¨t²Î¡]BRACS¡^¡]Reconciliation and Social Justice Library, n.d.¡^¡C

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3.3.1 ¯Ã¦èÄõ­ì¥»ªº©x¤è»y¨¥¬O­^»y¡A¦b1987¦~³q¹L¡y¤ò§Q»y¨¥ªk¡z¡]Mari Language Act¡^¥H«á¡A¤ò§Q»y¤]´£¤É¬°©x¤è»y¨¥¡F¸Óªk¯S§O³W©w¡A¦bªk®x¤W¡A¤ò§Q¤H§Y¨Ï¦³¨Ï¥Î­^»y·¾³qªº¯à¤O¡A¤]¥i¥H¿ï¾Ü¤ò§Q»y¡]Durie, 1998: 62¡^¡C

3.3.2 ¯Ã¦èÄõ¦b1982¦~³]¥ß²Ä¤@©Ò¥H¤ò§Q»y±Ð¾Çªº¦«¨à©Ò¡]ºÙ¬°¡u»y¨¥±_¡v¡^¡AÀH«á¦³¥H¤ò§Q»y±Ð¾Ç¤p¾Ç¡Aªñ¦~«h©¹¤W´£¤É¨ì¤¤¾Ç¡]New Zealand, Ministry of Education, 2004; Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 211-13¡F±i¾ÇÁ¾¡A2002¡^¡C

3.3.3 ²Ä¤@®a¥þ°ê©Êªº°êÀç¤ò§Q»y¼s¼½¥x¦b1996¦~¶}©l¼½­µ¡A¦P¦~¡A²Ä¤@­Ó¤ò§Q»y¹qµøÀW¹D¡]Aotearoa TV Network¡^³Ð¥x¡]Durie, 1998: 68-74¡^¡C

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3.4.1 ­^»y¡B¥H¤Îªk»y¬O¥[®³¤jªº©x¤è»y¨¥¡F¦b¦è¥_»â¦a¡A°£¤F­^»y¡B¥H¤Îªk»y¥H¥~¡A¥]¬AChipewyan¡BCree¡BDogrib¡BGwich¡¦in¡BInnu¡BSlaveyµ¥­ì¦í¥Á±Ú»y¨¥¤]¬O©x¤è»y¨¥¡F¦bNunavut¡A°£¤F­^¤å¡B¥H¤Îªk¤å¡A·í¦aInuitªº»y¨¥Inuktitut¤]¬O©x¤è»y¨¥ (Wikipedia, n.d.; Hawkes, n.d.¡F§õ¾Ëºa¡A2004¡G271)¡C

3.4.2 ®Ú¾Ú¥[®³¤j±Ð¨|¨ó·|¡]Canadian Education Association¡^¹ï©ó500©Ò¬Ù¯Å¾Ç®Õ¡B¥H¤Î©Ò¦³«O¯d°Ï¤º¾Ç®Õªº½Õ¬d¡A¬ù¦³4%ªº¾Ç®Õ¨Ï¥Î­ì¦í¥Á»y¨¥¬°±Ð¾Ç»y¨¥¡A¯S§O¬O¦b¦è¥_»â¦a¨Ï¥ÎInuktitut¡]Burnaby, 1996¡^¡C

3.4.3  ¥[®³¤j¦³120®aªÀ°Ï©Ê¼s¼½¹q¥x¡A¤j³¡¤À¦ì©ó°¾»÷ªº¥_¤è¡A¦P®É¤]¦³¤@¨Ç­ì¦í¥ÁªÀ°Ï¹qµø¥x¡C¦b1999¦~Àò­ã¦¨¥ßªº­ì¦í¥Á±Ú¹qµøºô¡]Aboriginal Peoples¡¦ Television Network¡A²ºÙAPTN¡^¡A¸¹ºÙ¬O¥@¬É²Ä¤@­Ó¥þ°ê©Êªº­ì¦í¥Á¹qµøºô¡A¨Ï¥Î­^»y¡Bªk»y¡B¥H¤Î15ºØ­ì¦í¥Á»y¨¥¡]Pennefather, 2002: 4¡^¡C

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3.5.1 ¥xÆWÁöµM¨S¦³ªk©wªº©x¤è»y¨¥¡A¤£¹L¡A¦Û±q¾Ô«á¡A°ê¥ÁÄÒ¬F©²¤@ª½¨Ï¥Î¡uµØ»y¡v¬°©x¤è»y¨¥¡A¨ÃºÙ¤§¬°¡u°ê»y¡v¡CÁöµM¥Á¶iÄÒ¬F©²¹Á¸ÕµÛ­n³z¹L¥ßªk±N©Ò¦³ªº¥xÆW¥»¤g»y¨¥¦C¬°¡u°ê®a»y¨¥¡v¡A¤£¹L¡A©|¥¼¦¨¥\¡C

3.5.2¡y¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¾Ëªk¡z¼W­×±ø¤å²Ä¤Q±ø¡B²Ä10¶µÁöµM¦³¡u°ê®aªÖ©w¦h¤¸¤å¤Æ¡A¨Ã¿n·¥ºûÅ@µo®i­ì¦í¥Á±Ú»y¨¥¤Î¤å¤Æ¡vªº³W©w¡A¦Ó¥B¾Ú¤§³q¹L¡y­ì¦í¥Á±Ð¨|ªk¡z¡]1998¡^¡A¤£¹L¡A¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡A¥u¦³¦b¤p¾Ç¦³¥À»y±Ð¾Ç¡]¨C­Ó§«ô¤@­Ó¤p®É¡^¡A©|¥¼¦³¥À¨ü±Ðªº§@ªk¡C

3.5.3®Ú¾Ú¡y­ì¦í¥Á±Ð¨|ªk¡z²Ä¤G¤Q¤»±ø¡G¡u¬F©²¬°­ì¦í¥Á¥Á±Ú¤å¤Æ±Ð¨|¶Ç©Óµo®i¤§»Ý­n¡AÀ³©ó¤½¦@¹qµø¡B±Ð¨|¼s¼½¹q¥x¡BµL­­¹q¥x¤Î¦³½u¹q¥x¤§¤½¯qÀW¹D¤¤³]¸m±MÄݮɬq¤ÎÀW¹D¡A¨Ã©ó¹q¸£ºô¸ô¤¤³]¸m±MÄݺô¯¸¡A¨Ã±oµø¹ê»Ú»Ý­n¡A³]¸m¨ä¥L¤å±Ð¶Ç¼½´CÅé¨Æ·~¡C¡v°£¤F¥Ø«eªº¤½¦@¹qµø¥x¨C¶g©T©w¼½¥X¥Ñ¤½­ì¦í¥Á°OªÌ»s§@ªº¡u­ì¦í¥Á·s»DÂø»x¡v¡B¥H¤Î¡u³¡¸¨­±¹ï­±¡v¸`¥Ø¥H¥~¡A²Ä¤@­Ó¤½¦@ªº­ì¦í¥Á¹qµø¥x¡]¦³½u¹qµø²Ä¤Q¤»ÀW¹D¡^©ó2005¦~¤¸¥¹¸Õ¼½¡A¹w©w©ó¤C¤ë¤@¤é¶}¼½¡C

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4.1.1 ¦b19¥@¬ö¥½¡A¬ü°ê¬F©²³z¹L¡y¤g¦aÁ`¤À°tªk¡z¡]General Allotment Act, 1887 (Dawes Act)¡^¡A¥H¬°¤F­n§ïµ½¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº¥Í¬¡¬°¥Ñ¡A±j¦æ±N³¡¸¨©Ò¦³ªº¤g¦a¤À³Îµ¹­Ó¤H¡A¦h¥X¨Óªº«h½æµ¹¥Õ¤H¡Fµ²ªG¡A°£¤F³y¦¨¦L¦a¦w¤HªÀ·|µ²ºc¸ÑÅé¡A¦b1887-1934¦~¤§¶¡Á`¦@¦³275¸U¯a¡]60%¦h¡^ªº¦L¦a¦w¤H³Ñ¾l¤g¦a¬y¥¢¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 143-44¡^¡C¦b1971¦~³q¹Lªº¡yªü©Ô´µ¥[­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅv³B²zªk¡z¡]Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 1971¡^¡A¥»½è¤W»P¹L¥hªº±ø¬ù¨S¦³¤£¦P¡A¤]´N¬O¥Ñ­ì¦í¥Á»P¤J«IªÌñ¬ù¡A¤£¹L¡Aªü©Ô´µ¥[­ì¦í¥Á²×¨s¨ú±o½d³ò¬Û·í¤jªº¤g¦aÅv¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 157¡^¡C

4.1.2  ¦b¦L¦a¦w¤H²{¦³ªº»â°ì¸ÌÀY¡A¬J¦³ªº¥DÅv½á¤©³¡¸¨¬Û·íªºÅv¤O¨ÓºÞ²z«O¯d°Ïªº¸ê·½¡A¥]¬A¤ôÅv¡Bº®ÂyÅv¡BÄqÅv¡B¥H¤Î¤ì§÷¸ê·½¡]Meyers & Landau, 1998¡^¡C

4.1.3  ±q1970¦~¥N°_¡A¦b­ì¦í¥Á¹B°Êªº­·¼é¤U¡AÁÙ§Ú¤g¦a¹B°Ê¶}©l¦³©Ò¶i®i¡C¦b1971¦~¡A·s¾¥¦è­ô¦{ªºTaos Pueblo¥Á±Ú¦¨¥\¨ú¦^³Q¬O¬°¯ªÆF¦aªºBlue Lake¡B¥H¤Î¶g¾DªºªL¦a¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 156-57¡^¡C

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4.2.1¦Û±qÁp¨¹¬F©²¦b1976¦~³q¹L¡y¥_»â¦a­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act¡^¡A©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Áªº¤g¦aÅv¡A¦U¬Ù¤]¬ÛÄ~Ãþ¦üªº¤g¦aÅvªk®×¡F°ªµ¥ªk°|¦b,1992¦~§@¦¨¡y¡yº¿²ö®×²Ä¤G¸¹¡z§P¨Ò¡]Mabo No. 2¡^¡A½T»{­ì¦í¥Á¦b²ßºDªk¤Uªº¤g¦aÅv¡A­¢¨Ï¬F©²¥[ºò³q¹L¡y­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Native Title Act, 1993 (Cth)¡^¡A¨Ã³]¥ß¡u­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk®x¡v¨Ó³B²z­ì¦í¥Á¹ï©ó¨ú¦^¤g¦aÅv©Ò§@ªº¶D³^¡]Behrendt, 2000; Magallanes, 1999: 249¡^¡C

4.2.2¡y­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]1993¡^¡A¥u©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Á²ßºDªk¤§¤Uªºº®ÀòÅv¡A¤£©Ó»{°Ó·~©Êªºº®ÀòÅv¡A«á¨Óªº¡y¤gµÛ¤g¦aÅv­×¥¿ªk¡z¡]Native Title Amendment Act, 1998 (Cth)¡^§ó¬O¥H¦æ¬Fµ{§Ç¥[¥H­­¨î¡]Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, n.d.¡^¡F¤jÅé¦Ó¨¥¡A¥Ø«e¿D¬w¹ï©ó©ó©ÎÅvªº°µªkÄ@¸¨«á©ó¬ü°ê¡B¯Ã¦èÄõ¡B¥H¤Î¥[®³¤j¡]Tsamenyi & Mfodwo, 2001¡^¡C§Ú­Ì¥Ñ2002¦~¦b¦è¿D§¹¦¨ªºMartu±Ú¤g¦aÅv¨ó©w¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤g¦aÅv¨Ã¤£¥]§t¾Ö¦³Äq²£¡B¥H¤Î¥ÛªoªºÅv§Q¡A¦Óº®ÂyÅv¤]­­©ó¶Ç²Î©Ò»Ý¡A¦¹¥~¡AĪ¤j¾úªe¡]Rudali River¡^°ê®a¤½¶é¤]±Æ°£¦b¨ó©w¤§¥~¡]enair.org, 2002¡^¡C

4.2.3 «n¿Dij·|¦b1981¦~³q¹L¡y¥Ö¯S«Ø¯S¥[©Ô¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Pitjantjara Land Rights Act¡^¡A§â¤g¦a©Ò¦³Åv¡]native titles¡^ÂkÁÙµ¹¥Ö¯S«Ø¯S¥[©Ô­ì¦í¥Á¡A¤£¹L¡A¬F©²ÁÙ¬O¤¹³\­ì¦í¥Á¤Ï¹ïªºÄq·~Ä~Äò¶}±Ä¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¤g¦aÅv¡]land rights¡^»Pnative titles¬O¨â¦^¨Æ¡]n.a., 2001¡^¡C

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4.3.1 ¤ò§Q¤H­ì¥»¦³¨ä¶Ç²Îªº¤g¦aÅv¨î«×¡A¨Ã¨ü¨ì¡y¥~©Z¤Î±ø¬ù¡z¡]1840¡^ªº«O»Ù¡A¤£¹L¡A­±¹ï¥Õ¤H¹ï©ó¤g¦aªº»Ý¨D¿E¼W¡A¬F©²¤À§O¦b1862¡B1865¦~³q¹L¡y­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aªk¡z¡]Native Lands Ac¡^¡A¥HªZ¤O±j¦æ¨S¦¬¡B©Î¬O§C»ù¦¬ÁÊ¡A¬Æ¦Ü¨Ï¥Î¡u­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aªk®x¡v¡]Native Land Court¡^¨Ó¦¬ÁÊ¡AÅú­¹ÄH§]¤ò§Q¤Hªº¤g¦a¡F¤ò§Q¤H±q1970¦~¥N¶}©lµo°Ê§Üª§¡B¶i¦æ¶D³^¡B¥H¤Î½Í§P¨ó°Ó¡A¬F©²¤~³vº¥ÂkÁÙ¤@¨Ç¤g¦a¡A¯S§O¬O¡y¤ò§Q¤g¦aªk¡z¡]Maori Land Act¡^¦b1993¦~³q¹L¥H«á¡A¡y¥~©Z¤Î±ø¬ù¡z©Ò«O»Ùªº­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅv¤~³Q¥¿¦¡©Ó»{¡]Durie, 1998: 115-38; Meyers, 1998¡^¡C

4.3.2 ÁöµM¡y¥~©Z¤Î±ø¬ù¡z´£¤Î¤ò§Q¤H¹ï©ó¤g¦a¡B´ËªL¡B¥H¤Îº®Àòªº©Ò¦³Åv¡A¤£¹L¡Aº®ÀòÅv¤@ª½³Q§@³Ì¯U¸qªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¤]´N¬O­­©ó«D°Ó·~ªººû¥Í©Ò»Ý¡F®Ú¾Ú1986¦~³q¹Lªº¡yº®³õ­×¥¿ªk¡z¡]Fisheries Amendment Act¡^¡Aº®Àò¶q±Ä¨ú°tÃBºÞ²z¡AÁÙ¬O¨S¦³¦Ò¼{¤ò§Q¤H¶Ç²Î¹ï©óº®Àòªº©Ò¦³Åv¡F¤@ª½­n¨ì1989¦~³q¹Lªº¡y¤ò§Qº®³õªk¡z¡]Maori Fisheries Act¡^¡A¤~³W©w±N10%ªº°Ó·~º®Àò¶q¤À°tµ¹¤ò§Q¤H¡]Durie, 1998: 149-55¡^¡C¦b1992¦~³q¹Lªº¡y¥~©Z¦N±ø¬ùº®³õÅvªk¡z¡]Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claim) Settlement Act¡^¡A¬F©²°£¤F«OÃÒ¤ò§Q¤Hªºº®Àò¦Û¥ÎÅv¥H¥~¡A¥´ºâ¥H°Ó·~§Q¯qÅvªº¤À°t¨Ó¥æ´«¤ò§Q¤H©ñ±óº®ÀòÅv¡A§Æ±æ¯à¦b¤Q¦~¤º¥þ½L¸Ñ¨M¤ò§Q¤Hº®ÀòÅvªºª§Ä³¡]Ward, 1999: 45-47¡^¡C

4.3.3 ¸g¹L¦h¦~ªº½Í§P¡A¯Ã¦èÄõ¬F©²²×©óµªÀ³ÂkÁÙ¤@¨Ç¤g¦aµ¹¤ò§Q¤H¡A¤£¹L¡A³q±`¬O³h½Cªº¦a¤è¡]Durie, 1998: 119¡^¡CÄ´¦p¦b1994¦~ªºTainui¤g¦a¨ó©w¡A¬F©²°£¤F¹Dºp¡B¥H¤Î¦P·NÂkÁÙ15,790¯a¤g¦a¥H¥~¡AÁÙ½ßÀv¤@»õ¤C¤d¸U¤¸¡]Durie, 1998: 196¡^¡C

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4.4.1 ¥[®³¤jÁp¨¹¬F©²±q1973¦~¶}©l±À°Ê©Ò¿×ªº¡u¥þ½L¤g¦aÅv¬Fµ¦¡v¡A¨Ï¥ÎComprehensive Claims Process¡B¥H¤ÎSpecial Claims Process¡A¥HÅú­¹ÄH§]ªº¤è¦¡»P¦L¦a¦w¤Hñ­q¤g¦a¨ó©w¡A·Q­n¥[ºò³B²z©|¥¼»P¬F©²Ã±­q±ø¬ùªº¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº¤g¦aÅv°ÝÃD¡G«eªÌ¾A¥Î©ó±q¥¼Ã±­q¹L±ø¬ùªÌ¡AÄ´¦p1993¦~ñ­qªºNunavut Land Claims Agreement Act¡A¦P·NÅýInuit¦¨¥ßNunavut»â¦a¡]¦Ûªv°Ï¡^¡F«áªÌ¾A¥Î©óñ¹L±ø¬ù¡B¤£¹L«oı±o¬F©²¹ï©ó±ø¬ù¼i¦æ¤£¤OªÌ¡]Wherrett, 1999; Behrendt, 2000¡^¡C¦b1986¦~ªº¤g¦aÅv¬Fµ¦­×¥¿³¯­z¤¤¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²»{¬°¦Ûªv¬F©²¬O¤g¦aÅv½Í§PªºÃöÁä¡AÅý¨âªÌ¦³¤@¨Ö¸Ñ¨Mªº¥i¯à ¡]Weick, n.d.¡^¡C¤£¹L¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²­ì¥»­n¨D­ì¦í¥Á¥H©ñ±ó¤g¦aÅv¨Ó¥æ´«¨ó©wªº½Í§P¡B¥H¤Î¸ÉÀv¡Aµ²ªG¤Þ°_«Ü±j¯Pªº¤Ï¼u¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¨ì©³­n¥ý½Í§P¤g¦aÅv¡B¦A½Í¦ÛªvÅv¡AÁÙ¬O¥ý¦ÛªvÅv¡B©Î¤g¦aÅv¡F¥Ø«e¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²ªºµ¦²¤¬O¥ý³B²z¤g¦aÅvªº°ÝÃD¡A§â¦Ûªv¡B¥H¤Î¸ê·½µo®i¦C¬°¦¸­n¥Ø¼Ð¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 35¡^¡C­È±oª`·Nªº¬O¡A³Ì°ªªk°|¦b1990¦~©Ò§@ªº¡y³Â³¶®×¡z§P¨Ò¡]Sparrow v. the Queen¡^¤¤¡A¹ï©ó²{ªk¤¤¹ï©ó­ì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q§@¦³©Ò«O¯dªº¸ÑÄÀ¡]Behrendt, 2000¡^¡C

4.4.2 ¦Û±q¡y¥dº¸¼w®×¡z¡]Calder v. Attorney-General of British Columbia, 1973¡^¥H«á¡A¥[®³¤j¬F©²³z¹LComprehensive Claims ProcessªºÃ±¬ù¹Lµ{¡A¶}©l©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Áªº¤g¦aÅv¡B¸ê·½Åv¡þ¦a¤Uªº±ÄÄqÅv¡B¥H¤Îº®ÂyÅv¡]Behrendt, 2000; Magallanes, 1999: 256¡^¡C¤£¹L¡A¨s³º¥i¥H¨ú±o¦h¤ÖÅv­­¡AÁÙ¬OºÝ¿à­Ó®×½Í§Pªºµ²ªG¡AÄ´¦p»¡¦b1984¦~ªºCree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act¡A­ì¦í¥ÁÁÙ¬O­n©ñ±ó¤@¤j¤ù¤g¦a¡A¥H¥æ´««O¯d°Ï¡B¦ÛªvÅv¡Bº®ÂyÅv¡B¥H¤Î²{ª÷¸ÉÀv¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 60¡^¡C

4.4.3 ¥[®³¤j³Ì°ªªk°|¦b1997¦~§@¤F¡y¼wº¸¥[¥Ø®w®×¡z§P¨M¡]Delgamuukw v. British Columbia¡^¡A®Ú¾Ú¾ú¥v¨Ï¥Î¡B¶Ç²Î©Ò¦³Åv¡B¥H¤Î¤f­z¥v¡A§P©w­^ÄÝ­ô­Û¤ñ¨È¬ÙGitksan¤ÎWet¡¦suwet¡¦en¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº¤g¦aÅv¡]Behrendt, 2000¡^¡C

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4.5.1°ê¥ÁÄÒ¬F©²©ó¾Ô«á¨Ó¥x¡A±N¤éªv®É¥Nªº¡u°ª¬â±Ú«O¯d¦a¡v§ï¬°¡u¤s¦a«O¯d¦a¡v¡A¤]´N¬O±N­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦a³Q¦¬Âk¬°¡u°ê¦³¤g¦a¡v¡A¨Ã­q©w¦æ¬F©R¥O¡y¥xÆW¬Ù¦U¿¤¥«¤s¦a«O¯d¦aºÞ²z¿ìªk¡z¡]1948¡^¨ÓºÞ²z¡A­ì¦í¥Á³à¥¢¤g¦aÅv¡A¥u¦³¨Ï¥ÎÅv¡F¤@ª½¨ì1966¦~­×­q¹ê¬I¡y¥xÆW¬Ù¤s¦a«O¯d¦aºÞ²z¿ìªk¡z¡A­ì¦í¥Á¤~¶}©l¥i¥H¨ú±o¤g¦a©Ò¦³Åv¡A¨ì1997¦~¬°¤î¡A­ì¦í¥Á«O¯d¦a¤§­±¬ù25¸U¤½³¼¡A¨ä¤¤¡A­ì¦í¥Á¨ú±o©Ò¦³Åv­±¿nªº¤ñ²v¬°11.14%¡A¨ú±o©Ó¯²Åvªº¦³14.52%¡A­ì¦í¥Á§Æ±æ¯à¨ú±o³o¤@³¡¤Àªº©Ò¦³Åv¡]ÃC·RÀR¡B·¨°ê¬W¡A2004¡^¡C°ò¥»¤W¡A§Ú­Ì»{¬°¬F©²ªº°µªk¬Oµ¹¤©­ì¦í¥Á¤@¨Ç¤g¦a¡A¦Ó«D±q¶Ç²Î¤g¦aÅvµÛ²´¡C

4.5.2 ¦b¤s¦a«O¯d¦a¸ÌÀY¡A­ì¦í¥Á¨ú±o¦a¤WÅv¡]ªL·~¥Î¦a¡^ªº¤ñ²v¬°14.67%¡]ÃC·RÀR¡B·¨°ê¬W¡A2004¡^¡C¥Ø«e§Ú°êªº¡y´ËªLªk¡z¹ï©ó­ì¦í¥Á¦b¶Ç²Î»â°ì±Ä¶°´ËªL²£ª«¡A­­©w©ó¡u¥Í¬¡ºD«U©Ò»Ý¡v¡]15±ø¡^¡F¦Ó¡y³¥¥Í°Êª««O¨|ªk¡z¹ï©ó­ì¦í¥Áªº¬¼ÂyÅv­­©w©ó¡u¶Ç²Î¤å¤Æ¡B²½»ö¡v¡]20±ø¤§1¡^¡C®Ú¾Ú³Ìªñ³q¹Lªº¡y·Å¬uªk¡z¡]2003¡^¡A©ó­ì¦í¥Á±Ú¦a°Ï¤º©Ò¼x¦¬ªº·Å¬u¨ú¥Î¶O¡AÀ³¸Ó´£¼·¦Ü¤Ö¤T¤À¤§¤@¯Ç¤J¦æ¬F°|­ì¦í¥Á±Úºî¦Xµo®i°òª÷¡A§@¬°­ì¦í¥Á±Úµo®i¸gÀ٤Τå¤Æ²£·~¤§¥Î¡C¥ßªk°|­è³q¹Lªº¡y­ì¦í¥Á±Ú°ò¥»ªk¡z¡]2005¡^¡AÁöµM½T»{¡u¬F©²©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Á±Ú¤g¦a¤Î¦ÛµM¸ê·½Åv§Q¡v¡A¤£¹L¡A«o±Nº®Ây¡B±Ä¶°¡BÄq²£¡B¥H¤Î¤ô¸ê·½ªº¨Ï¥Î­­©w¬°«DÀç§Qªº¶Ç²Î¤å¤Æ¡B²½»ö¡B©Î¬O¦Û¥Î¡C

4.5.3 ¥Ø«e¬F©²¦³¬ãij¡A¦p¦ó±N§½³¡«O¯d¦a¥H¶°Å骺¤è¦¡ÂkÁÙ­ì¦í¥Á¡A¨ä¤¤¡AÂà¥æ­ì¦í¥Á¦Ûªv°Ï¬O¦Ò¼{ªº¤è¦V¤§¤@¡C

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5.1.1 ¬ü°ê³Ì°ªªk°|¨Ã¨S¦³­ì¦í¥Á¤jªk©x¡C

5.1.2¡@¦b¬ü°ê¦è¥_®ü©¤ªº¤@¨Ç¦L¦a¦w³¡¸¨¡Aº®Ây¡B¥H¤Î±Ä¶°ªº³W¯x¬O¥Ñ²ßºDªk¨Ó¨M©w¡]Melton, 1995¡^¡C

5.1.3¡@¦b¬ü°ê¡A¦Ü¤Ö¦³145­Ó¦L¦a¦w³¡¸¨³]¸m¦Û¤vªºªk®x¡A¥]¬A¶Ç²Îªk®x¡B¦L¦a¦w¤Hªk®x¡B¥H¤Î®Ú¾Ú1934¦~³q¹Lªº¡y¦L¦a¦w­«²Õªk¡z¡]Indian Reorganization Act¡^¦Ó³]¥ßªº³¡¸¨ªk®x¡]Palys, 1993¡^¡C

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5.2.1 ¿D¬w³Ì°ªªk°|¨Ã¨S¦³­ì¦í¥Á¤jªk©x¡C

5.2.2  ¿D¬w¬F©²¦b1976¦~³q¹L¡y¥_»â¦a­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act¡^¡B¥H¤Î¡y­ì¦í¥Á²z¨Æ·|º[¨ó·|ªk¡z¡]Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act (Cth)¡^¡A¦b±ø¤å¤W¤À§O´£¨ì­ì¦í¥Áªº¡u¶Ç²Î¡v¡]tradition¡^¡B¥H¤Î¡uºD«U¡v¡]custom¡^¡F³Ì°ªªk°|¤]¦b1992¦~§@¥X¡yº¿²ö®×²Ä¤G¸¹¡z§P¨Ò¡]Mabo No. 2¡^¡A©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Á¦b²ßºDªk¤§¤Uªº¤g¦aÅv¡AÀH«á³q¹Lªº¡y­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Native Title Act, 1993 (Cth)¡^¡A´£¨ì­ì¦í¥Áªº¡u¶Ç²Îªk¡v¡]traditional law¡^¡B¥H¤Î¡u¶Ç²ÎºD«U¡v¡]traditional customs¡^¡C¾¨ºÞ¦p¦¹¡A¿D¬wªk°|¹ï©ó­ì¦í¥Áªº²ßºDªkÁÙ¬O±Ä¨ú­Ó®×³B²zªººA«×¡A©|¥¼¥þ½L¯Ç¤J¿D¬wªº¥qªkÅé¨t¡]Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, n.d.¡^¡C

5.2.3 ¬F©²¦b1993¦~³q¹L¡y­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Native Title Act (Cth)¡^¥H«á¡A³]¥ß¡u°ê®a­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk®x¡v¡]National Native Title Tribunal¡^¡]French, 1994¡^¡C

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5.3.1 ¯Ã¦èÄõ³Ì°ªªk°|¨Ã¨S¦³­ì¦í¥Á¤jªk©x¡C

5.3.2 ®Ú¾Ú¡y¥~©Z¦N±ø¬ù¡z¡A¬F©²©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Á¹ï©ó¤g¦a¾Ö¦³ªº²ßºDªk¤Wªº©Ò¦³Åv¡]Durie, 1998: 119¡^¡C

5.3.3 ¦b1865¦~¦¨¥ßªº¡u­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aªk®x¡v¡A¬O¬F©²¦¬ÁÊ­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aªº¤u¨ã¡F¯Ã¦èÄõ¬F©²®Ú¾Ú¡y¥~©Z¦N±ø¬ùªk¡z¡]Treaty of Waitangi Act, 1975¡^¡A³]¥ß¤F¡u¥~©Z¦Nªk®x¡v¡]Waitangi Tribunal¡^¡A¥D­n¬O±µ¨ü¤ò§Q¤H¹ï©ó¬F©²¹H­I¡y¥~©Z¦N±ø¬ùªk¡z©Ò´£¥Xªº¶DÄ@¡A¶i¦æ½Õ¬d¡B«Øij¡B½Õ¸Ñ¡B¬Æ©Î§P¨M¡]Durie, 1998: 121-22¡^¡C

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5.4.2 ¦Û±q¥[®³¤j³Ì°ªªk°|§@¥X¡y¥dº¸¼w®×¡z¡]Calder v. Attorney-General of British Columbia, 1973¡^§P¨Ò¥H«á¡A¥[®³¤j¬F©²¶}©l©Ó»{­ì¦í¥Áªº¤g¦aÅv¡B¥H¤Î¸ê·½Åv¡]Asch, 1999¡^¡C¤£¹L¡A­ì¦í¥Áªº²ßºDªkÁÙ¬O³Q©¿µø¡]Palys, 1993¡^¡C

5.4.3 ¥[®³¤jªk°|¤£¤ÓÄ@·N¤¶¤J¤g¦aª§Ä³¡A«Øij¥H¬Fªv¤è¦¡¸Ñ¨M¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¥Ñ¬F©²³z¹L¤g¦a¨ó©wªº¤è¦¡¨Ó³B²z¡C

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6.1.1 ¬ü°ê°Ñij°|¦b1977¦~¥H¯S§O©e­û·|ªº¤è¦¡¼È®É«ì´_¡u¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È©e­û·|¡v¡A¨Ã¦b1984¦~½T¥ß±`³]©e­û·|¡]U.S., Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, n.d.¡^¡C

6.1.2 ¬ü°êÁp¨¹¬F©²¦b1849¦~±N¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È§½¡]Bureau of Indian Affairs¡^¥Ñ¾Ôª§³¡Âà¨ì¤º¬F³¡¡A±N­ì¥ýªº©ºªA¤u§@Âର¦P¤Æ¡B¥H¤Î¥h³¡¸¨¤Æ¡F³z¹L«O¯d°Ï¨î«×¡A¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È§½¤@¤è­±¶i¦æ©Ò¿×ªº·ÓÅU¡B¦P®É±j¤O°õ¦æÀ£¨î¦æ°Ê¡A¦³®Ä¦a¯}Ãa¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº¤å¤Æ¡BªÀ·|¡B¸gÀÙ¡B¥H¤Î¥qªk¨î«×¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 146-47¡^¡C

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6.2.1 ¿D¬w°ê·|²³Ä³°|³]¦³±`³]ªº¡u­ì¦í¥Áº[¦«¹p´µ®ü®l¸s®q¤H¨Æ°È©e­û·|¡v¡]House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs¡^¡A°Ñij°|¦³¡u­ì¦í¥Á¨Æ°È¦æ¬F©e­û·|¡v¡]Senate Select Committee on the Administration of Indigenous Affairs¡^¡C

6.2.2 ¿D¬w¦b1990¦¨¥ß·sªº¡u­ì¦í¥Áº[¦«¹p´µ®ü®l¸s®q¤H©e­û·|¡v¡]Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission¡A²¼g¬°ATSIC¡^¡AÁöµM¦bÅé¨î¤WÁõÄݲ¾¥Á¡B¦h¤¸¤å¤Æº[­ì¦í¥Á¨Æ°È³¡¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¦³¬Û·íªº¹wºâ¥i¥H°õ¦æ¡A¤£¹L¡A¨ä©e­û§¹¥þ¥Ñ¥þ°ê¦U¦aªº35­Ó°Ï°ì²z¨Æ·|¿ï¥X¨Ó¡A¡]Australian Electoral Commission, 2002¡^¡A¦]¦¹¡A¤S¦³¤@ÂI¥Á±Úij·|ªº©Ê½è¡Cªñ¦~¨Ó¡A¿D¬w¬F©²¥´ºâ½Õ¾ã¨ä¥\¯à¡A·Q­n§â¨ä¦æ¬FªºÂ¾³d¥´´²¨ì¨ä¥L³¡·|¡C

6.2.3 ¿D¬w°ê·|¨Ã¨S¦³±Mªùªº­ì¦í¥Á«O¯d®u¦¸¡A¤]¨S¦³¯S§Oªº±¹¬I¨Ó«P¶i­ì¦í¥Á­Ô¿ï¤H¨Ó°Ñ»P¦U¯Åij·|¿ïÁ|¡C

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6.3.1 ¯Ã¦èÄõ°ê·|¦³±`¡u¤ò§Q¨Æ°È©e­û·|¡v¡]Maori Affairs Committee¡^¡C

6.3.2 ¯Ã¦èÄõ¦b1992¦~±N­ì¥ýªº­ì¦í¥Á¾÷ºc¥[¥H¾ã¹y¡A§ï¦¨¥ß¡u¤ò§Qµo®i³¡¡v¡]Department of Maori Development¡^¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992¡^¡C

6.3.3 ¯Ã¦èÄõ¦b1867¦~³q¹L¡y¤ò§Q¤H¥NªíÅvªk®×¡z¡]Moari Representation Act¡^¡A«O¯d¥|®u°ê·|®u¦¸µ¹¤ò§Q¤H¡C±q1994¦~¥H¨Ó¡A¤ò§Q¤Hªº°ê·|«O»Ù¦WÃB®u¦¸³vº¥¥Ñ4®u¼W¬°7®u¡]1994/5¡B1996/6¡B2001/7¡^¡F¤£¹L¡A¦pªG®Ú¾Ú¤H¤f¤ñ¨Ò¡A¤ò§Q¤HÀ³¸Ó¦³13®u¤~¹ï¡CÁÙ¦n¡A¯Ã¦èÄõ¦b1996¦~ªº¤j¿ï°_¡A¶}©l±Ä¨ú¼w°ê¦¡ªºÁp¥ß¤ñ¨Ò¥Nªí¨î¡]mixed-member proportionality electoral system¡A²ºÙMMP¡^¡A§â¤£Ä@µn°Oªº¤ò§Q¿ï¥Á¯Ç¤J¬FÄÒ¤ñ¨Òªº¾÷¨î¡A¦P®É¤]´£¦W¦³¤ò§Q¦å²Îªº¤H°Ñ¥[³æ¤@¿ï°Ïªº¿ïÁ|¡A¾ãÅé¤ò§Q°ê·|ij­ûªº¤H¼Æ­¿¼W¡]Archer¡A2003¡^¡C

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6.4.1 ¥[®³¤j°ê·|²³Ä³°|¦³±`³]ªº¡u¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È¡B¥_¤èµo®iº[¦ÛµM¸ê·½©e­û·|¡v¡]House of Commons Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Northern Development and natural Resources¡^¡A°Ñij°|¦³±`³]ªº¡u­ì¦í¥Á±Ú©e­û·|¡v¡]Senate Standing Committee on Aboriginal Committee¡^¨Ã¨S¦³­ì¦í¥Áªº©e­û·|¡C

6.4.2 ¥[®³¤j¬F©²¦b³B²z­ì¦í¥Á¨Æ°È¤W¡A³]¦³¡u¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°Èº[¥_¤èµo®i³¡¡v¡]Department of Indian Affair and Northern Development¡A²ºÙ¬°DIAND¡^±M³d­ì¦í¥Á¨Æ°È¡C

6.4.3 ¥[®³¤j°ê·|¨Ã¨S¦³­ì¦í¥Á«O»Ù¦WÃB¡C©x¤èªº¿Ô¸ß¤p²Õ¬Ó®a©e­û·|­ì¦í¥Á±Ú¤u§@¤p²Õ¡]Working Group of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples¡^¡A¦b1993¦~«Øij¦¨¥ß¤@­Ó±MÄݪº­ì¦í¥Á±Ú°ê·|¡B©Î¬O²Ä¤@¥Á±Ú°|¡]House of First Commission¡^¡A¥H«O»Ù­ì¦í¥Á±Úªº¬Fªv°Ñ»P¡C¥t¥~¡A¬Ó®a¿ïÁ|§ï­²º[¬FÄÒ°]°È©e­û·|¤]´¿¸g«Ø¥ßÅý­ì¦í¥Á¦³¦Û¤vªº8-10­Ó³æ¤@¿ï°Ï¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 90¡^¡C

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6.5.2 ¥Ñ©ó°ê¥ÁÄÒ¬F©²¦b²Ä3©¡¥ß©e¿ïÁ|¡]1995¡^ªº®u¦¸¹ê½è¤£¹L¥b¡A¸g¹L­ì¦í¥Á¥ß©e§@¸ó¶V¬FÄÒªº§V¤O¡A²×©ó¦b1996¦~¦³¤¤¥¡³¡·|¯Åªº¡u­ì¦í¥Á©e­û·|¡v¦¨¥ß¡C¤£¹L¡A¦æ¬F°|¬ã¦Ò·|§Ö°¨¥[Ã@¶i¦æ¤¤¥¡¬F©²³¡·|ªº¾ã¨Ö¡A¦b¤p¦Ó¯à¡B¥H¤Î¥þ²yÄvª§¤Oªº¤f¸¹¤§¤U¡A©Ò·í¨ä½Äªº´N¬O­ì¦í¥Á±Ú©e­û·|¡B¥H¤Î«È®a©e­û·|¡A¨è·N©¿µø·íªì³]¥ß³o¨â­Ó©e­û·|ªº¾ú¥v¯ßµ¸¡C

6.5.3 §Ú°ê³]¦³«O»Ù°ê·|­ì¦í¥Á®u¦¸¤K¦W¡]¤s­ì¤Î¥­­ì¦U¥|¦W¡A¥Ñ­ì¦í¥Á¿ïÁ|²£¥Í¡^¡C¥ßªk°|ªñ¤é¥¼¸g¥ô¦ó¿Ô¸ß¡B©Î¬O°Q½×¡A­Ü«P³q¹L©Ò¿×¡u°ê·|§ï­²¡vªº¾Ëªk­×¥¿®×¡]2004/8/23¡^¡Aµw¥Í¥Í¦a±N­ì¦í¥Áªº¥ß©e®u¦¸¥Ñ¤K®u´î¬°¤»®u¡AªPÅU¤Q¦~¨Ó¥Á¶¡¨î¾Ë¹B°Êªº»}¨¥¡B­IÂ÷³¯¤ô«óÁ`²Î¹ï©ó­ì¦í¥Á¡u­ì¦í¥Á±Ú°ê·|ij­û¦^Âk¥Á±Ú¥Nªí¡vªº¦A¤T©Ó¿Õ¡F¨Æ«á¡A¦æ¬F°|ªø´å¿ü堃ÁÙ¤½¶}¹ï¥~ªí¥Ü­ì¦í¥Áªº®u¦¸¤´µM¡u¹L«×¥Nªí¡v¡A¤]´N¬O®u¦¸»P¤H¤f¤£¦¨¤ñ¨Ò¡A¨Ã¥¼·Q¨ì°ê·|ij­û¨ä¹ê¦³­Ó¤H¡]°Ï°ì¡^¡B¬FÄÒ¡]¤£¤À°Ï¡B¹´¥Á¡^¡B¦a°Ï¡]¿¤¥«¡^¡B¥H¤Î±Ú¸s¡]­ì¦í¥Á¡^¤§§O¡A¦U¦Û­I«áÁô§tµÛ¤£¦Pªº¥Nªí©Ê¡C

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7.1.1 ¾¨ºÞ¬ü°ê°ê·|¦b1993¦~³q¹L¨Mij¡A¹ï©ó¬F©²¦b1893¦~±À½®L«Â¦i¤ý°ê¦Ó¦V®L«Â¦i­ì¦í¥Á¹Dºp¡A¤£¹L¡A®L«Â¦i­ì¦í¥Á¨Ã¥¼³Q©x¤èµø¬°¬ü°ê­ì¦í¥Á¡C¥Ø«e¡A°Ñij°|¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È©e­û·|¥¿¦b¬ãij¦p¦ó¹ï­ì¦í¥Á¹Dºp¡]n.a., 2004¡^¡C

7.1.2 ¬ü°ê¹ï©ó¥]¬A«D¬w¸Ç¡B¦è¯Z¤ú¸Ç¡B¥H¤Î­ì¦í¥Á¦b¤ºªº¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸s¡A¦b±Ð¨|¡B¥H¤Î´N·~¤W¦³¡u¿n·¥¦æ°Ê¡v¡]affirmative action¡^ªº¦w±Æ¡C

7.1.3 ¦b­·°_¶³´éªº1970¦~¥N¡A¤£¤Ö­ì¦í¥Á±Ú­n¨D«ì´_³¡¸¨¦a¦ì¡A¨Ã­n¨D¬F©²¤g¦a³à¥¢¡B¥H¤Î¹ï©ó·l¥¢ªº½ßÀv¡CÄ´¦p»¡¦b½q¦]¦{ªºPassamaquoddy¥Á±Ú¡A¥Ñ©ó¥L­Ì»P¼Ú¬w¾Á´ÞªÌ¦Ñ¦­´N±µÄ²¡A¤@¯ë¤H­ì¥»¥H¬°¥L­Ì¤w¸g§¹¥þ³Q¦P¤Æ¡A¤£¹L¡A³ºµM¯à¦b1975¦~űo¹ï¤º¬F³¡ªº¶D³^¡AÀò±o¬üª÷8,1500¸Uªº½ßÀv¡C¦L¦a¦w§½¦b1978¦~´£¥X¨DÀvªº³W©w¡A¨ì1988¦~¬°¤î¡AÁ`¦@ ¶W¹L¦³100­Ó¥Á±Ú¥Ó½Ð¨DÀv¡]Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 157¡^¡C

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7.2.1¦b¿D¬w¡A¬F©²ªº¹Dºp³Qµø¬°»P­ì¦í¥Á¶i¦æ©M¸Ñªº¥²­n±ø¥ó¡C°w¹ï¬F©²¦b1910-1970¦~¶¡±j¦æ±a¨«­ì¦í¥Á¤p«Äªº°µªk¡A¦U¬Ù¡B¥H¤Î»â¦a¬F©²³£¦b1997¦~µoªí¹DºpÁn©ú¡FÁöµM¿D¬wÁp¨¹°ê·|¦b1999¦~³q¹LÁn©ú¡A¹ï©ó­ì¦í¥Á¹L¥h©Ò¾D¨üªº¤£¤½¸qªí¥Üºp·N¡AÁ`²z¤]ªí¹F­Ó¤Hªººp·N¡A¤£¹L¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²¥uÄ@·N¥Hª÷¿ú§@¬°½ßÀv¡B¨ÃµL¥¿¦¡¹Dºpªº·NÄ@¡A²z¥Ñ¬O¡A³o±Nªí¥Ü·í¥Nªº¿D¬w¤H¥²¶·¹ï°ê¥h¥ý¤H©Ò§@ªº¨Æ­t³d¡]Gardiner-Garden, 1999; Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.¡^¡C

7.2.2 ¿D¬w¥u¦³¹ï¤k©Êªº¥­Åv¨î«×¡A¨Ã¨S¦³¹ï­ì¦í¥Á¦³Ãþ¦ü¬ü°êªº¡u¿n·¥¦æ°Ê¡v¦w±Æ¡C

7.2.3 ®Ú¾Ú¡y­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Native Title Act, 1993 (Cth)¡^¡A­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅv©Ò¦³ªÌ¥i¥H¦]¬°Åv§Q¨ü·l¡A¦Ó¦V¡u°ê®a­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk®x¡v­n¨D½ßÀv¡F¦b1994-1997¦~¤§¶¡¡AÁ`¦@¦³500 ¦h­Ó¨DÀv®×¥ó¡]Humphry, 1998¡^¡C

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7.3.1 ¦U¦a¤ò§Q¤H¦b»P¬F©²¶i¦æ¾ú¥v½Í§P¤§»Ú¡A³Ì«áªº¨ó©w©¹©¹·|¥]¬A¤k¤ýªº¹Dºp¡AÄ´¦pTainui¨ó©w¡]1994¡^¡B¥H¤ÎWhatkatohea¨ó©w¡]1996¡^¡]Durie, 1998: 196¡B199¡^¡C

7.3.2 ¯Ã¦èÄõ¥u¦³¹ï¤k©Êªº¥­Åv¨î«×¡A¬F©²¨Ã¨S¦³¹ï­ì¦í¥Á¦³Ãþ¦ü¬ü°êªº¡u¿n·¥¦æ°Ê¡v¦w±Æ¡C¦³¨Ç¤j¾Ç¹ï©ó¤ò§Q¤H¤J¾Ç«r«O»Ù¦WÃB°µªk¡A¤£¹L¡A¦³¨Ç¬Fªv¤Hª«¨Ã¤£¤ä«ù¡]Berry, 2004¡^¡C

7.3.3¡@¯Ã¦èÄõ¬F©²¦b»P¤ò§Q¤H¶i¦æ¤g¦aÂkÁÙªº½Í§P¤§»Ú¡A°£¤F¤g¦a¥H¥~¡A©¹©¹¤]·|¦P®É¥H²{ª÷¡]©Îµ¥­Èªº¸ê²£¡^§@¸ÉÀv¡AÄ´¦pTainui¨ó©w½ß¤@»õ¤C¤d¸U¡BWhatkatohea¨ó©w½ß¥|¤d¸U¡B¥H¤ÎNgai Tahu¨ó©w½ß¤@»õ¤C¤d¸U¡]Durie, 1998: 203¡^¡C

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7.4.1­±¹ïÀ£¤O¡A¥[®³¤j¬F©²¦b1998¦~¥¿¦¡«Å¥¬¤@¥÷¡u©M¸ÑÁn©ú¡v¡]Statement of Reconciliation¡^¡A¹ï©ó¹L¥h150¦~¨Óªº­ì¦í¥Á¬Fµ¦ªí¥Üºp·N¡A¨Ã´£¥X¤@µ§¬°¼Æ¨â»õ4,500¸Uªº¡u©M¸Ñ°òª÷¡v¡]healing fund¡^¡]DePalma, 1998¡^¡G¡C

7.4.2 ®Ú¾Ú¡y¥[®³¤j¤HÅvªk¡z¡]Canadian Human Rights Act, 1985¡^²Ä16±ø¤§1¡A¹ï©ó¦Û¨Ó¾D¨üª[¥Üªº­ì¦í¥Á§@´N·~¤WªºÀu´f¡A¨Ã¤£¯àºâ¬Oª[µø©Êªº¦æ¬°¡C

7.4.3 ¥[®³¤j¬F©²¦b1993¦~»PInuitñ­qNunavut Land Claims Agreement¡A¦P·N¦b17¦~¤º¸ÉÀv11»õ7¤d¸U¤¸¡]Behrendt, 2000¡^¡C

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ÃC·RÀR¡B·¨°ê¬W¡C2004¡C¡m­ì¦í¥Á¤g¦a¨î«×»P¸gÀÙµo®i¡n¡CªO¾ô¡G½_­»¥Xª©ªÀ¡C

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