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³ü¡B«e¨¥ ¦³Ãö©óì¦í¥Á¤HÅvªºÃöÃh¡A¬O¦b¤G¦¸¤j¾Ôµ²§ô¥H«áªº¨Æ¡C¦b1960¦~¥N¡A¦è¤è°ê®aªºªÀ·|¹B°Ê·°_¶³´é¡A¶}©l¹ï©ó®z¶ÕªÌªº»Ú¹J®i¶}Ãöª`¡FÀHµÛì¦í¥Á¹B°Ê©ó1970¦~¥N¦b¥_¬ü¬w¿³°_¡A¨Ãº¥¦¸ÂX´²¥þ²y¡]Anaya, 1996: 44-47¡^¡CÁp¦X°ê¦b1982¦~©ó¡u¤HÅv©eû·|¡v¡]Commission on Human Rights¡^¤U±³]¥ß¡uì¦í¤H¤f¤u§@¤p²Õ¡v¡]Working Group on
Indigenous Populations¡A²ºÙWGIP©ÎUNWGIP¡^¡CÁp¦X°ê¤j·|±N1993¦~©w¬°¡u¥@¬Éì¦í¥Á±Ú°ê»Ú¦~¡v¡A¦b1995 ¦~«Å§G1995-2004 ¦~¬°¡u¥@¬Éì¦í¥Á±ÚÅv§Q°ê»Ú¤Q¦~¡v¡A§Æ±æ³ê°_¥@¤H¥¿µøì¦í¥ÁÅv§Qªº¶D¨D¡A§ó¦b2000¦~¦¨¥ß¡uì¦í¥ÁijÃD¥Ã¤[½×¾Â¡v¡]Permanent Forum on
Indigenous Issues¡^¡C §Ú°êªºì¦í¥Á±ÚÅv§Q¹B°Ê©l©ó1980¦~¥N¡]¥xÆWì¦í¥Á±ÚÅv§Q«P¶i·|¤å«Å²Õ¡A1987¡^¡A¥Dnªº¥Ø¼Ð¬O¥¿¦W¡B¦Ûªv¡B¥H¤ÎÁÙ§Ú¤g¦aµ¥¤T¤j¹B°Ê¡C¸g¹L¤Q¦~ªº§V¤O¡Aì¦í¥Áªº»{¦PÅv²×©ó¦b²Ä¤T¦¸×¾Ë (1994) ¨ú±oº~¤H°ê®aªºªì¨B½T»{¡A¥Ñ°ê¥Á¤j·|©ó¼W×±ø¤å¤¤¡A¥H¡uì¦í¥Á¡v¨ú¥N³Q³Q¦Ã¦W¤Æªº¥Îµü¡u¤s¦a¦PM¡v¡CÂǵ۰ê¥ÁÄÒ¬F©²¦b1995¦~ªº¥ß©e¿ïÁ|¹ê½è¥¼¹L¥b¡Aì¦í¥Á¥ß©e³q¤O¦X§@¡A²×©ó¦³¤¤¥¡³¡·|¯Åªº¡u¦æ¬F°|ì¦í¥Á©eû·|¡v©ó1996¦~¦¨¥ß¡C ¥xÆW»P¬ü°ê¡B¿D¬w¡B¯Ã¦èÄõ¡B¥H¤Î¥[®³¤jµ¥©Ò¿×¡u¾Á´ÞªÀ·|¡v¡]settlers¡¦ society¡^¬Û¥é¡A¦P¼Ë±¹ï¤£½Ð¦Ó¦Û¨Óªº¾Á´ÞªÌ¦p¦ó»Pì¦í¥Á©M¸Ñ¡]reconciliation¡^ªº¥ô°È¡A¯S§O¬O§Ú°ê¥¿±Á{¦p¦ó¥Ñ¥Á¥DÂ૬¶i¤J¥Á¥D¾d©T¡]democratic
consolidation¡^ªº¹Ò¬É¡A¦Ê¼o«ÝÁ|¡A¦p¦ó«Øºc¦X²zªºì¡Bº~Ãö«Y¡A§ó¬O§ÚÌ¥²¶·µê¤ß±¹ïªºÄ³ÃD¡C°h¤@¨B¨Ó¬Ý¨ä¥L¨S¦³ì¦í¥Áªº¥Á¥D°ê®a¡A¹ï©ó¹Ò¤º¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sªºÅv§Q«O»Ù¡A¤]¬O³Qµø¬°°ê®aéw¡B¹ê²{¥Á¥D¡B¥H¤Î«P¶i©M¥ªº¥ý¨M±ø¥ó¡C¥Ñ¦¹¬Ý¨Ó¡A§Ú̹ï©óì¦í¥ÁÅv§Qªº¬ã¨s¡A¦Û¦³¨ä¹D¼w¤W¡B¥H¤Î¬Fªv¤W¡]²Îªvªº¥¿·í©Ê¡^ªº·N¸q¡C ³¯¤ô«óÁ`²Î¤W¥x«á¡A»}¨¥n¡u¥H¤HÅv¥ß°ê¡v¡A¥H¤HÅv¨Ó²`¤Æ¡B¥H¤Î¾d©T§Ú°êªº¥Á¥D¡A¬Æ¦Ü©ó´£¨ì¡u¸¨¹ê¤HÅvºûÅ@¡B¨«¤J°ê»ÚªÀ·|¡v¡C¥Ø«e¡A°£¤FÁ`²Î©²¤U³]¡u¤HÅv¿Ô¸ß¤p²Õ¡v¡]2000/10¡^¡A¦æ¬F°|¤]¦¨¥ß¤F¡u¤HÅv«O»Ù±À°Ê¤p²Õ¡v¡]2001/7¡^¡A¨Ã¥B¥¿¦bÄw³]¡u°ê®a¤HÅv¬ö©ÀÀ]¡v¡B¥H¤Î¡u°ê®a¤HÅv©eû·|¡v¡C²Ä¤G¥ô»Õ´}±i«T¶¯¬°¤F¸¨¹êÁ`²Î¡u¤HÅv¥ß°ê¡vªº¶D¨D¡A«ü¥Ü¥~¥æ³¡»Pªk°È³¡±N¡y°ê»Ú¤HÅvªk¨å¡z°ê¤ºªk¤Æ¡]2001/2/14¡^¡A²×©ó¦³¡y¤HÅv«O»Ù°ò¥»ªk¡]¯ó®×¡^¡z¥XÄl¡A¨ä¤¤²Ä20±ø¦CÁ|¡uì¦í¥Á¤å¤Æ¤HÅv¤§«O»Ù¡v¡F¥t¥~¡A¬ã¦Ò·|¤]±À¥X¡y¤HÅvªk¯ó®×¡z¡]2003/10¡^¡F¦ÓÁ`²Î©²¤HÅv¿Ô¸ß¤p²Õ¤]¤½§G¡y¤HÅv°ò¥»ªk¯ó®×¡z¡]2003/11/8¡^¡]ªL¹Å¸Û¡A2003¡^¡C¦æ¬F°|¤HÅv«O»Ù±À°Ê¤p²Õ§ó¦b2002¦~¤½§G¡y2002¦~°ê®a¤HÅv¬Fµ¦¥Õ¥Ö®Ñ¡z¡A´£¤Î¡u«Øºcì¦í¥Á±Úªk¨î¡B½T«Oì¦í¥Á±Ú¶°ÅéÅv¤J¾Ë¡v¡]¦æ¬F°|¬ã¨sµo®i¦Ò®Ö©eû·|¡A2002¡^¡C¥Á¶¡ª©ªº¡y¸ó¥@¬öì¦í¥Á¬Fµ¦¥Õ¥Ö®Ñ¡z«h¦b°ê¥ÁÄÒ¥¿©²®É¥N¤w¸g·m¥ý¥X²{¡]¥xÆWì¦í¥Á¤å±Ð°òª÷·|¡A1998¡^¡C ´Nì¦í¥Á¤HÅvªº±À°Ê¨Ó¬Ý¡A¦pªG¨C¦~ªºµ×^¹ï©óì¦í¥Á¤HÅvªºµû¤À¦Ñ¬O»·¸¨«á©ó«Dì¦í¥Á¡A¨º»ò¡A°ê®a¬Fµ¦ªº³W¹º¡B¥H¤Î¸ê·½ªºÑºª`¡A´N¨S¦³¿ìªk´£¥X¦³®Äªº½Õ¾ã¡F¦¹¥~¡A¸g¹L»P¥L°êì¦í¥Á¤HÅv¹ê½îªº¦Ò¹î¥H«á¡A°£¤F¥i¥H§i¶D§ÚÌ¥¼¨Ó¥i¥H§ï©¶§ó±iªº¤è¦V¡A¤]¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¬F©²»Ýn±j¤Æ¦óºØ¸ê®Æªº»`¶°¡A¥H«K¦b±N¨Ó¯à¶¶§Q»P¥L°ê§@¦X²zªº¤ñ¸û¡A¨Ã¥B¬°¥¼¨Ó³v¦~¥i¯à¶i¦æªº½Õ¬d§@©ß¿j¤Þ¥É¦¡ªº³þ°ò¤u§@¡A¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó¡A¤~¦³¥i¯à²Ö¿n®É¶¡§Ç¦Cªº¸ê®Æ¡A¬°ì¦í¥Á¬Fµ¦´£¨Ñ¥i¾aªº¨Ì¾Ú¡C §Ú̦b¤U±¡A·|¥ý»¡©úì¦í¥Á¤HÅvªº·§©À¡B¥H¤Î¶°Åé¤HÅvªºµo®i¡A¶i¦Ó´£¥X«ü¼Ðªº¾Þ§@¤Æ¡A«ÂI«h¦b±N³o¨Ç«ü¼Ð¹B¥Î¨ì¥xÆW¡B¬ü°ê¡B¿D¬w¡B¯Ã¦èÄõ¡B¥H¤Î¥[®³¤jªº¤ñ¸û¡C ¶L¡Bì¦í¥Á¤HÅv¡B¥H¤Î¶°ÅéÅvªºµo®i §Ṳ́@¯ë©Ò¿×ªº¡uì¦í¥Á¤HÅv¡v¡A¤ñ¸û¥¿¦¡ªº¥Î¦r¨ä¹ê¬O¡uì¦í¥Á±ÚÅv§Q¡v¡]indigenous rights¡^¡A³o¬O¤@ºØ¡u¶°ÅéÅv¡v¡]collective rights¡^¡A¬ã¨s¤HÅvªº¾ÇªÌ±N¨ä·í§@¬O©Ò¿×ªº²Ä¤T¥N¤HÅv¡C´N¤HÅv·§©Àµo®iªºy¸ñ¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤jP¬O¨Ì´`ªÌ¦Û¥Ñ¡B¥µ¥¡B³Õ·Rµ¥¤TÓ²z·Q¦b¶i¦æ¡G²Ä¤@¥N¤HÅvÃö¤ßªº¬O¤½¥Á¡B¥H¤Î¬FªvÅv¡A²Ä¤G¥N¤HÅvÃöª`ªº¬O¸gÀÙ¡B¥H¤ÎªÀ·|Åv¡A¦Ó³Ì·sªº²Ä¤T¥N¤HÅv«h¶i¤@¨B±NÃöÃh±À¦Vµo®i¡B©M¥¡B¥H¤ÎÀô¹Ò¡]Donnelly,
1989: 143-44; Baehr, 1999: 6-7¡FªL²Q¶®¡A2000¡^¡C ì¦í¥Á±ÚÅv§Q¬O¡u¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sÅv§Q¡v¡]minority rights¡^¨ä¤¤ªº¤@ºØ¡C§Ú̦pªG¥ÑWill Kymlicka ¡]1995¡^µÛ¤â¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¥L±N¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sÅv§Q¤À¬°¤å¤ÆÅv¡B¦ÛªvÅv¡B¥H¤Î¬Fªv°Ñ»PÅv¤T¤jÃþ¡A¦Óì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q¤jP¥i¥H±N¨ä²[»\¦b¤º¡C®Ú¾ÚKymlicka¥H¤ÎNorman¡]2000: 33¡^¡A°ê®a¤§©Ò¥Hn«O»Ù¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sÅv§Q¡A¥Dnªº¥Øªº¬O¥Î¨Ó½T«O¨äªÀ·|¦a¦ìªº¥µ¥¡A¤]´N¬O¤@¤è±n¨¾¤î¨äÄ~Äò¾D¨ü¦Ã¦W¤Æ¡A¥t¤@¤è±ÁÙn¸ÉÀv¨ä¦Û¨Ó©Ò¾D¨üªº¤£¤½¥«Ý¹J¡F¥t¥~¡AKymlicka ¡]1995: 107-30¡^ÁÙ´£¨ì¨ä¥L¨âºØ¥¿·í©Ê¡A¤]´N¬O¾ú¥v¨ó©w¡B¥H¤Î¦h¤¸¤å¤Æªº»ùÈ¡C ±q¶Ç²Îªº¦Û¥Ñ¥D¸q¡]Liberalism¡^¥ß³õ¨Ó¬Ý¡A¶°ÅéÅv»PÓ¤HÅv¬OµLªk¬Û®eªº¡A¦]¬°¥¦¦ü¥G¼ç¦b±a¦³¹ïÓ¤H¦Û¥Ñªº«Â¯Ù¡CµM¦Ó±qªÀ¸s¥D¸q¡]Communitarianism¡^ªºÆ[ÂI¨Ó¬Ý¡AÓ¤H»PªÀ¸s¤ÎªÀ·|¬O¤À¤£¶}ªº¡A¦]¦¹°£«D¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sªº¥Í¦sÅv¤Î»{¦PÅvÀò±o«O»Ù¡AÓ¤HªºÅv§Q±NµL©ÒÂkÄÝ¡]Lerner,
1991: 29¡^¡C¦b³o¼Ëªº»{ÃѤU¡A·í«eªº°ê»Ú«ä¼é¬O»{¬°¥ú¥HÓ¤H¬°¤¤¤ßªº¥Í¦s«O»Ù¡B¤Î¤Ïª[µøì«h¬O¤£¨¬ªº¡A¦]¦¹¥D±i¥²¶·¶i¤@¨B½T«Oì¦í¥Áªº¶°ÅéÅv¡A¤×¨ä¬O¦Û¨MÅv¡C³o¤]´N¬OPetersen¡]n.d.: 6¡^©Ò¿×ªº¡G¡u´L«¹ÎÅ餤ªºÓ¤H¡A¦P®É´L«¥ÑÓ¤H²Õ¦¨ªº¹ÎÅé¡v¡C ¦b¦h¼Æ°ê®a¬O¦h¤¸±Ú¸sªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sÅv§Qªº«O»Ù¡A³Q·í§@¬O¹ê²{¥Á¥D¡]°ê¤º¡^¡B¥H¤Î«P¶i©M¥¡]°ê»Ú¡^ªº¥ý¨M±ø¥ó¡FÄ´¦p¡y«O»Ù¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸s¬[ºc±ø¬ù¡z(1995)¡A«K§â¹ï©ó¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sªº«OÅ@¡A·í§@¬O¼Ú¬wéw¡B¥Á¥D¦w¥þ¡B¥H¤Î©M¥ªº«e´£¡G ¤@Ó¦h¤¸ªº¯u¥¿¥Á¥DªÀ·|¡A¤£¥uÀ³¸Ó´L«¨CӤּƱڸs¦¨ûªº¤å¤Æ¡B»y¨¥¡B¥H¤Î©v±Ð»{¦P¡A§óÀ³¸Ón¶}³Ð§´¾Aªº±ø¥ó¡AÅý³o¨Ç»{¦P¯à°÷ªí¹F¡B«O¦s¡B¥H¤Îµo®i¡C ¦Û¨MÅv©l©óªk°ê¤j²©R¡A¨Ã¸g¬ü°ê«Âº¸»¹¡]Woodrow Wilson¡^Á`²Î¤j¤O¹ª§j¡A¦ý¡y°ê»ÚÁp·ù¾Ë³¹¡z¡]1919¡^¨Ã¥¼´£¤Î¡C·í®É¦U°êÃö¤Áªº¬O¦p¦ó³z¹L¤@§Ç¦Cªº±ø¬ù¨Ó«OÅ@©v±Ð¡B©Î»y¨¥¤Wªº¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸s¡AÁöµM±N«OÅ@¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸s§@¬°¥[¤J°ê»ÚÁp·ùªº¥ý¨M±ø¥ó¡AµM¦Ó¡A¥Ñ©ó±jÅv¶¡ªº¨¤¤O¡A³o¨Ç¦w±Æ¤£¦p»¡¬O¥Î¨Ó²Mºâ²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾ÔªF¼Ú¤Î¤¤ªFªº¾Ô±Ñ°ê¡A¦Ó¦è¼Ú¡BĬÁp¹Ò¤ºªº¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸s¤Î¬ü¬wªºì¦í¥Á¨Ã¥¼³Q¦Ò¼{¦b¤º¡]Rosenne,
1992: 514¡^¡C·í®Éªº°ê»Úªk°|¡]PCIJ¡^¤£¥u¤£©Ó»{ì¦í¥Áªº°ê»Úªk¤Hªº¸ê®æ¡B¤£©Ó»{ì¦í¥Áªº¶°ÅéÅv¡A³s¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sªº¶°ÅéÅv¤]¤£³Q©Ó»{¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A³Q«OÅ@ªº¹ï¶H¥u©ó¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sªºÓ§O¦¨û¡A¦Ó«D¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸s¥»¨¡]Lerner,
1992: 214; 1991: 9-14¡^¡C ²Ä¤G¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ôµ²§ô¥H¨Ó¡A±¡ªp¤~µy¦³§ïµ½¡AÁp¦X°ê¶}©l±N¤HÅvªºÃöª`¥Ñ¤÷Åv¦¡ªº«OÅ@Âà¦V±À°Ê¤Ñ½áÅv¯q¡A¤£¹L¡A°ò¥»ªºÃö¤ß¹ï¶H¤´µM«]©óÓ¤H¡C³oºØµø¶°ÅéÅv¬°¬r³D²rÃ~ªº¤ßºA¡A¥Dn¬O¤£Ä@¯}Ãa²{¦³°ê®a»â¤gªº§¹¾ã¡CÄ´¦p»¡¡A¡yÁp¦X°ê¾Ë³¹¡z(1945)¦b²Ä1±ø¡B²Ä2´Ú¡B¤Î²Ä55±ø´£¤Î¡u´L«¥Á±Ú[peoples]ªº¥µ¥Åv¤Î¦Û¨M¤§ì«h¡v¡A¦b²Ä3´Ú»}¨¥¡u«P¶i¹ï¤HÅv¤Î°ò¥»¦Û¥ÑÅvªº´L«¡A¤£¦]ºØ±Ú¡B©Ê§O¡B»y¨¥¡B©Î©v±Ðªº®t²§¦Ó¦³©Ò§O¡v¡A«o¥¼¹ï¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸sªº¶°ÅéÅv¦³©ÒµÛ¾¥¡C º«×´£¨ì¶°Åé·§©Àªº¬OÁp¦X°ê¦b1948¦~³q¹Lªº¡y¨¾¤îº[³B»@·ÀºØ¸o¦æ±ø¬ù¡z¡A¥¦¦b²Ä2±ø©w¸q·ÀºØ®É´£¤Î¡u¥Á±Ú¡B±Ú¸s¡BºØ±Ú©Î©v±Ð¹ÎÅé¡v¡C¤£¹L¨ä«ÂI¦b«OÅ@³o¨Ç¹ÎÅ骺ӧO¦¨û¡A¨Ã¥¼¨ãÅé´£¨ì¶°ÅéÅv¡CÁp¦X°ê¤j·|¦b1960¦~³q¹L¡y³\¿Õ´Þ¥Á¦a¤Î¥Á±Ú¿W¥ß«Å¨¥¡z¡AÁö©ú¤å«üºÙ¡u©Ò¦³ªº¥Á±Ú³£¦³¦Û¨MÅv¡v¡A«o§â¹ï¶H©w©ó¡u«D¦Ûªv»â¦a¡v¡]non-self-governing
territories¡^¡A¦Óì¦í¥Á¨Ã¤£³Qµø¬°´Þ¥Áªº¥Á±Ú¡A¦]¦¹³Q±Æ°£¦b¾A¥Î¦Û¨MÅvªº¹ï¶H¡C¦¹¥~¡A²Ä6´Ú§@¤F¦ý®Ñ¡A¤£¯à¯}Ãa°ê®aªº¥Á±Ú¹Îµ²¤Î»â¤g§¹¾ã¡CÁp¦X°ê¦b1965¦~³q¹L¡y®ø°£¦UºØ§Î¦¡ºØ±Úª[µø°ê»Ú¤½¬ù¡z¡A¥¦ÁöµM¦b©w¸q¡uºØ±Ú¡v®É´£¤Î¡uºØ±Ú¡B½§¦â¡B¦å½t¡B¥Á±Ú¡B©Î±Ú¸s¡vµ¥¦r²´¡A¦P¼Ë¦a¥¼©ú«ü¶°ÅéÅvªº·§©À¡C ¯u¥¿³W½d¨ì¶°ÅéÅvªº¬O¡y°ê»Ú¤½¥Áº[¬FªvÅv³W¬ù¡z¡]1966¡^¡C¥¦¦b²Ä1±ø¡B²Ä1´Ú¶}©v©ú¸q«ü¥X¡G¡u©Ò¦³ªº¥Á±Ú [peoples] ¨É¦³¦Û¨MÅv¡v¡A¤S¦b²Ä2´Ú½á¤©¡u©Ò¦³¥Á±Ú¥i¥H¦Û¥Ñ³B²z¨ä¤ÑµM°]´I¤Î¸ê·½¡v¡A¨Ã¦b²Ä3´Ú´°«Pñ¬ù°ê¡u«P¦¨¦Û¨MÅvªº¹ê²{¡v¡F¦P¦~³q¹Lªº¡y°ê»Ú¸gÀÙ¡BªÀ·|¡Bº[¤å¤ÆÅv³W¬ù¡z¡]1966¡^¦b²Ä1±ø¦³§¹¥þ¬Û¦Pªº´Ú¶µ¡C¤£¹L¡A¨ì©³¥Á±Úªº·N¸q¬°¦ó¡A³W¬ù¤¤¨Ã¥¼¸Ôz¡A¦Ó¥B¨ä²Ä26±ø¤S«¦^¡y¥@¬É¤HÅv«Å¨¥¡zªº§@ªk¡A±j½Õªº¬O¡u©Ò¦³ªº¤H¡v¡]persons¡^¡C·í®É³Ì¦³ª§Ä³©Êªº¬O²Ä27±ø¡A³\¦h¥Nªí¾á¤ß¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸s·|´M¨D¤ÀÂ÷¡A¤]¦³¥Nªí¼~¤ß·s²¾¥Á¥i¯à±a¨Óªºªº½ÄÀ»¡A³Ì«áªº§´¨ó¬O´£¨ì¡u±Ú¸s¡B©v±Ð¡B©Î»y¨¥ªº¤Ö¼Æ¹ÎÅé [minorities]¡v¡A«o§â¤å¤ÆÅv¡B©v±ÐÅv¡B¤Î»y¨¥Åv©w¬°³o¨Ç¤Ö¼Æ¹ÎÅ骺ӤH¡]persons belonging to
such minorities¡^Åv§Q¡A¦Ó«D¶°ÅéÅv¡A¦]¦¹³y¦¨¤é«á¦U®a«nÁÕ¥_Â᪺¸àÄÀ¡]Lerner,
1991: 14-16; Eide, 1992: 221-22¡^¡C ¥t¥~¡AÁp¦X°ê¸gÀÙº[ªÀ·|²z¨Æ·|ªº©PÃä²Õ´¡u°ê»Ú³Ò¤u²Õ´¡v¡Aµy¦¦b1957¦~³q¹L¡yì¦íº[³¡¸¨¤H¤f±ø¬ù¡z¡Aº¦¸¦³°ê»Ú³W¬ùÃö¤ßì¦í¥Áªº¤g¦aÅv¡C¤£¹L¡A¥Ñ©ó¸Ó±ø¬ùªºµÛ²´ÂI¦b¦p¦ó¾ã¦X¡]integration¡^¡B©Î¬O¿Ä¦X¡]absorption¡^ ì¦í¥Á¡A¦]¦¹¹¡¨üì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q¹B°ÊªÌªºµûÀ»¡]Anaya,
1996: 44-47¡^¡FILO²×©ó¦b1986¦~´£¥X×¥¿¹Lªº¡yì¦íº[³¡¸¨¥Á±Ú±ø¬ù¡z¡A°£¤F¥D±i¥Ñì¦í¥Áªº¦Û§Ú»{©w§@¬°¼Ð·Ç¥~¡A§ó¥H¡u¥Á±Ú¡v¨ú¥N¡u¤H¤f¡v¡A¶H¼xì¦í¥Áªº¶°ÅéÅv¨ú¥NÓ¤HªºÅv§Q¡A¨Ã¥B¼W¥[¹ïÄq³õ¡B¥H¤Î¤ÑµM¸ê·½¶}±ÄªºÃöª`¡]Thornberry,
1991¡G39¡B40³¹¡^¡C Áp¦X°êì¦í¤H¤f¤u§@¤p²Õ¸g¹L¤Q¦~§V¤Oªº¡A¦b1993¦~§¹¦¨¡yì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q«Å¨¥¯ó®×¡z¡CÁp¦X°ê¤HÅv©eû·|¦b1995¦~¦¨¥ß¤@Ó¤u§@¤p²Õ¡]Working Group on the Draft
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples¡A²¼g¬°WGDD¡^¡A¸g¹Lº©ªøªº¤Q¦~¡A¯ó®×±ø¤åªº¼f¬d¤u§@¨Ó¦b¶i¦æ¡C °Ñ¡Bì¦í¥Á¶°ÅéÅvªº«ü¼Ð ¦b³o¸Ì¡A§Ú̮ھÚÁp¦X°ê¡yì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q«Å¨¥¯ó®×¡z(1995)¡A¨Ã°Ñ¦Ò¤FLerner¡]1991: 34-37¡^¡B¥H¤Î¡yì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q°ê»Ú³W¬ù¡z¡]1994¡^¡A¥i¥H§âì¦í¥ÁªºÅv§Q·§¤À¬°¥Í¦sÅv¡]²Ä6±ø¡^¤Î¥µ¥Åv¨â¤jÃþ¡C¥Í¦sÅvªº½d³ò¤ñ¸û¯¶¡AÃö¤Áªº¬O¦p¦ó«O»Ùì¦í¥Á°_½Xªº¥Í¦s¡C¥µ¥Åv«h±q°ò¥»¤HÅvªº¨¤«×¥Xµo¡An¿n·¥¦a±À°Êì¦í¥ÁªºÅv§Q¡A¬Û¹ï¤W¬O¤ñ¸û¼e¼s¦Ó¥¿±¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H±N¨ä¤À¬°¤½¥ÁÅv¡]²Ä2¡B5±ø¡^¤Î¶°ÅéÅv¡G«eªÌÃö¤ßªº¬O¦p¦ó½T«Oì¦í¥ÁÓ¤HªºÅv§Q¤£³Qª[µø¡A«µøªº¬O§Î¦¡¤Wªº¡Bt±¥µ¥¡]Lerner,
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Georgia, 1831¡^«ü¥X¡A¦L¦a¦w¤H¬O¡u°ê¤ºÊ¿à¥Á±Ú¡v¡]domestic dependent
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v. Georgia,
1832¡^¤¤§P¨M¡A¬d¬¥°ò¥Á±Úªº¥DÅv¨Ã¥¼³Q³ìªv¨È¦{©Ò¨ú¥N¡F¤£¹L¡A¥qªk§P¨M¼Ä¤£¹L¬Fªv¹B§@ªºÀ£¨î¡A¬d¬¥°ò¥Á±Ú³Ì«áÁÙ¬O³Q¢¶°Åé¾E§ø¡]Frideres
& Elliott, 1992: 139-40¡^¡C¬ü°ê°ê·|§ó¦b1871¦~«Å¥¬¡A±q¦¹¡A¦L¦a¦w¤H¤£¦A³Qµø¬°¿W¥ßªº¥Á±Ú¡B¦Ó¬O³QÁp¨¹¬F©²ºÊÅ@ªÌ¡]ward¡^¡A¦]¦¹¡A¥L̹L¥h³z¹L±ø¬ù©Ò½T«Oªº¬J¦³¡]inherent¡^Åv§Q¡A±N±qÅܦ¨¬O³Q±Â»Pªº¡]delegated¡^¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A³s°_½Xªº¦Û¨MÅv¤]³à¥¢¤F¡]Fleras &
Elliott, 1992: 139-44¡^¡C¤@ª½¨ì°ê·|³q¹L¡y¦L¦a¦w¦Û¨Mº[±Ð¨|¸É§Uªk¡z¡]Indian Self-Determination and
Educational Assistance Act, 1975¡^¡Aªø´Á³QÀ£¨îªº¦Û¨MÅv¤~¦b±Ð¨|¡Bµo®i¡B¥H¤ÎªÀ·|ºÖ§Q¤è±«ì´_¡]Fleras &
Elliott, 1992: 156¡^¡F¾¨ºÞ¦p¦¹¡A³»¦h¬O¹ï¤º¦Û¨M¡C 2.1.2
¦b1871-87¤§¶¡¡A¬ü°ê±Ä¨ú«O¯d°Ï¨î«×¡A¥H¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È§½¨ÓºÞ²z¦L¦a¦w¤H¡F·í®Éªº·Qªk¬O³z¹LºØ±Ú¹jÂ÷¨Ó¥[³t¦P¤Æªº¶i¦æ¡A¤£¹L¡A¥Ñ©ó©xûªº»G¤Æ¡A¥H¤Î°·«O¡B¸gÀÙ¡B¥H¤ÎªÀ·|±Ï§Uªº¸g¶O¤£¨¬¡A¤Ï¦Ó³y¦¨³¡¸¨ªº°I±Ñ¡]Fleras
& Elliott, 1992: 144-45¡^¡C½ñÅé¦Ó¨¥¡A¦L¦a¦w¤H¦b«O¯d°Ï¦³¬Û·íªº¦ÛªvÅv¡A¥i¥H»¡©M¦{¬F©²¦³®t¤£¦hªºÅv§Q¡]Meyers & Landau,
1998¡^¡C 2.1.3
¦Û±q¡y¼w©Ô¥Ë±ø¬ù¡z¡]Delaware Treaty,
1778¡^¨ì¬ü°ê°ê·|¦b1871¦~°ê·|¤£¦A©Ó»{¦L¦a¦w¤H¬°¿W¥ßªº¥Á±Ú¬°¤î¡A¦b±Nªñ¤@Ó¥@¬ö¤§¶¡¡A¬ü°ê¬F©²³z¹L¡u¬F©²¹ï¬F©²¡v¡]government-to-government¡^ªº¤è¦¡¡A»P¦L¦a¦w¤Hñq¤F370Ó±ø¬ù¡C¤jÅé¦Ó¨¥¡A°£¤F«O¯d°Ïªº¦³¤g¦a¡A¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº¤g¦aÅv¡B¥H¤Î¬ÛÃöªºº®ÂyÅv¦bñq±ø¬ùªº¹Lµ{¤¤µ{¤j¦h³Qé¹Ü¡C ¡]¤G¡^¿D¬w 2.2.1
¿D¬wªº¬Fªv¤Hª«±q1980¦~¥N°_¡A¶}©l½Íì¦í¥Áªº¦Û¨MÅv¡A¤£¹L¡A¤j¦h¬O±Ä¥Î¤ñ¸û¯U¸qªº¸ÑÄÀ¡AÄ´¦p¡u¦Û§ÚºÞ²z¡v¡]self-management¡^¡B©Î¬O¡u¦Û§Ú°ö¤O¡v¡]self-empowerment¡^¡F§ÚÌ¥i¥H»¡¡A¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡A¿D¬w¬F©²¨Ã¤£©Ó»{ì¦í¥Áªº¦Û¨MÅv¡]Gardiner-Garden,
1999: Fletcher, 1999: 342-43¡^¡C¡C 2.2.2
¿D¬w¬F©²¨Ã¤£©Ó»{ì¦í¥Á¦³¦ÛªvÅv¡A½Íªº¬O¡u°Ï°ì¦Û¥D¡v¡]regional autonomy¡^¡]Australia,
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, 1999¡^¡C 2.2.3
ÁöµM¦³¤H«Øij¿D¬w¬F©²¾Ç¯Ã¦èÄõ¡A¥Hñq±ø¬ù¡B©Î¬O·ù¬ù¡]compact¡^ªº¤è¦¡¨Ó»Pì¦í¥Á¶i¦æ©M¸Ñ¡A¦ý¨Ã¥¼¨ü¨ì¬Fªv¤Hª«¼sªx±µ¨ü¡]Gardiner-Garden,
1999¡^¡F¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡A§Ú̬ݨ쪺¥Dn¬O²o¯A¨ì¤g¦aÅvªº¡u¨ó©w¡v¡]agreement¡^¡C ¡]¤T¡^¯Ã¦èÄõ 2.3.1
¤ò§Q¤H©ªø»P^¤ý¦b1840¦~ñ©w¡y¥~©Z¤Î±ø¬ù¡z¡]Treaty of Waitangi¡^¡A¤ò§Q¤H¦P·N±µ¨ü¥Õ¤H¾Á´Þªº¨Æ¹ê¡B¨Ã±N¥DÅv¥æ¥X¨Ó¡A¥H¥æ´«^°êªº«OÅ@¡A¤]´N¶¡±µ¦Û§Ú§_©w«Ø¥ß¤@Ó¤ò§Q¥Á±Ú°ê®aªº¥i¯à¡]Durie,
1998: 3¡B177: Ward, 1999¡^¡C 2.3.2
¯Ã¦èÄõ¤ò§Q¤H¦b½×z¦Û¨MÅv¤§»Ú¡A¥Dnªº¥Ø¼Ð¬Oµo®i¡B»{¦P¡B¥H¤ÎÀô«O¡A¨Ã¥¼´£¨ì¦Ûªv¡]Durie,
1998: 6¡^¡C 2.3.3
¯Ã¦èÄõ¬F©²»P¤ò§Q¤H¦b1840¦~ñq¡y¥~©Z¤Î±ø¬ù¡z¡A쥻³QÂù¤è©¿²¤¡A¤£¹L¡A¦b¥Õ¤H¬F©²¦b¤é«á·Qn¶i¦æ°ê®a¾ã¦X¤§»Ú¡A³oÓ¾ú¥v¤å¥ó¦¨¤F¤ò§Q¤HÅv§Qªº¨Ó·½¡]Durie,
1998: 178¡^¡C ¡]¥|¡^¥[®³¤j 2.4.1
¥[®³¤j¬F©²ÁöµM©Ó»{ì¦í¥Áªº¦ÛªvÅv¡A¤£¹L¡A«o¤£Ä@©Ó»{ì¦í¥Á¨ã¦³°ê»Úªk·N¸qªº¥DÅv¡F¦b³o¼Ëªº«e´£¤U¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²¹ªÀyì¦í¥Á¶i¦æ¹ê¬I¦Ûªvªº½Í§P¡A³»¦h¬O©Ó»{¦³ªº¦Û¨MÅv¡]Canada, Department
of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, 1995; Behrendt, 2000¡^¡C 2.4.2¥[®³¤j¬F©²¦b¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¥½¸¶}©l¦b«O¯d°Ï³]¸m¡uªÀij·|¡v¡A¨CÓªÀ¦³¤@¦W¡u©ªø¡v¡B¥H¤Î¨Ì¾Ú¤H¤f¤ñ¨Òªº¡uªÀijû¡v¡A¥ÑªÀ¥Á¿ïÁ|²£¥Í¡FªÀij·|ªº²Õ´¦³ÂI¹³¥[®³¤jªº¥«¬F©²¦w±Æ¡A¬OÁp¨¹¬F©²¦b«O¯d°Ïªº¦æ¬F³æ¦ì¡A¦]¦¹¡A¤£¯àºâ¬Oì¦í¥Á¦Ûªvªº¹ê½î¡]Frideres,
1998: 433¡^¡CÁp¨¹¬F©²ì¥»¦P·N¦b¥¼¨Óªº×¾Ë±ø¤å¤¤¡y1992¬dµ¸¯S«°¨ó©w¡z¡]²Ä41±ø¡^½T»{ì¦í¥Á¡u¬J¦³ªº¦ÛªvÅv¡v¡]Turpel, 1993: 135-37¡B139-41¡^¡F¤£¹L¡A¦b1992¦~ªº¥þ°êªº¤½¥Á§ë²¼¤¤¥\±Ñ««¦¨¡C¤@ª½n¨ì1995¦~¡A¦Û¥ÑÄÒ¬F©²¤½§G¤@¥÷¡yì¦í¥Á¦ÛªvÁp¨¹¬Fµ¦«ü¾É¡z¡A¥¿¦¡©Ó»{¡uì¦í¥Á¬J¦³ªº¦ÛªvÅv¡v¡Aºâ¬O½T»{¡y1982¾Ë¬Fªk®×¡z¤¤©Ò¿×ªº¡u¬J¦³ªºì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q¡v¡]existing aboriginal
and treaty rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada¡^¡C¬F©²¤S¦b1997¦~´£¥X¡y¥[®³¤jì¦í¥Á¦æ°Ê¤è®×¡z¡A¦A«×©Ó»{ì¦í¥Á¬J¦³ªº¦ÛªvÅv¡C¦b¹L¥h±Nªñ¤T¤Q¦~¥H¨Ó¡A¤w¸g¦³¦n´XÓì¦í¥Á¦Ûªv¬F©²¸g¹L½Í§P¦Ó¶¶§Q¦¨¥ß¡AÄ´¦p»í¥_§J¬ÙªºCree»PNaskapi¦L¦a¦w¤HªºªÀ¡BInuitªºKativik¦a°Ï¬F©²¡A^ÄÝôÛ¤ñ¨È¬ÙSechelt¦L¦a¦w¤HªºªÀ¡A¨|ªÅ»â¦a¤CӲĤ@¥Á±Úªº¦Ûªv¬F©²¡A¦è¥_»â¦aªºInuit¥t¥~¦¨¥ßªºNunavut»â¦a¡A^ÄÝôÛ¤ñ¨È¬ÙNisga¡¦a¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº§ø¬F©²¡]¬I¥¿¾W¡A2005¡^¡C 2.4.3³Ì¦¡A¥[®³¤jªºì¦í¥Á¥u¬O³Q·í§@^°êªº¶T©ö¹Ù¦ñ¡A¥Î¨Ó¹ï§Üªk°ê¤H¡B¥H¤Î«á¨Ó¿W¥ßªº¬ü°ê¡A¦]¦¹¦³©Ò¿×ªº¡u¤Í½Ë±ø¬ù¡v¡B©Î¬O¡u©M¥±ø¬ù¡v¡]Behrendt, 2000¡^¡C·í¦~^°ê¬Ó®a»P¥_¬ü¬wªºì¦í¥Áñq±ø¬ù¡A©Ó»{¹ï¤è¬O¡u¥µ¥ªº¦Ûªv¥Á±Ú¡v¡F³QºÙ¬°¡u¦L¦a¦wÅv§Q¤j¾Ë³¹¡vªº¡y¬Ó®a«Å¨¥¡z¡]1763¡^ ¤@¤è±©ú¤å©Ó»{¡uì¦í¥Á¬O¥Á±Ú¡v¡B¥t¤@¤è±¥H©v¥D°ê¦Û©~¡A»}¨¥«OÅ@ì¦í¥Á¡]Frideres,
1998: 381¡^¡C¤£¹L¡AÀHµÛ¾Á´ÞªÌ¦b¥_¬ü¬wªº¶Õ¤OÂX®i¡A©¼¦¹ªºÃö«Y¥Ñ¤Í¦nªºx¨Æµ²·ùÂର¤ä°t¡A«á¨Óªº±ø¬ùÅܦ¨ì¦í¥Á¥Î¤g¦aªº©ñ±ó¨Ó¥æ´«¬F©²«OÅ@¡B¸ÉÀv¡B©Î¬Oº®ÂyÅv¡F¦b¹ê»Ú¤Wªº¹B§@¡A¤£¶Èì¦í¥ÁªºÅv§Q³QÁY¤p¸ÑÄÀ¡A³s¬F©²¦b±ø¬ù¤¤©ÒµªÀ³ªº±ø¥ó¤]©¹©¹¹¨¥¦ÓªÎ¡A¥Õ¤H¬Æ¦Ü©ó¤ù±±N±ø¬ù¸ÑÄÀ¬°¨p¤Hªº«´¬ù¡]Tully,
1995: 136; Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 31-32¡^¡C ¤£¹L¡A¦b³Ì°ªªk°|§@¤FCalder v.
Attorney-General of British Columbia (1973)§P¨M¥H«á¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²¶É¦V©ó¨Ï¥Î½Í§P¡Bq¬ùªº¤è¦¡¨Ó³B²zì¦í¥Áªº¤g¦aÅv®×¤l¡A¯S§O¬O±q¨Ó¨S¦³Ã±q±ø¬ù©ñ±ó¤g¦aÅvªÌ¡A¥H§K©]ªø¹Ú¦h¡F¨ó°Ó©Òñqªº¨ó©w¥]¬A¦UºØ§Î¦¡¡A¤]´N¬O±ø¬ù¡Bªk®×¡B«´¬ù¡B©Î¬O¨óij³Æ§Ñ¿ý¡A³o¨Ç¨ó©w¨ä¹ê´N¬O²{¥Nª©ªº±ø¬ù¡]Fleras
& Elliott, 1992: 33-35¡^¡C ¡]¤¡^¥xÆW 2.5.1
¦b¾Ëªk¤Q¤@³¹¡u¦a¤è¨î«×¡v½g´£¨ì»X¥j¡B¥H¤Î¦èÂ꺦۪v¡A¦b²Ä¤Q¤T³¹¡u°ò¥»°êµ¦¡v½g´£¨ì¡uÃäæ¦a°Ï¦U¥Á±Ú¡vªº¦a¤è¦Ûªv¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¨Ó¬O¦b³æ¤@Åé¨î¤§¤U³Æ±Â»P¦ÛªvÅvªº¡u¦a¤è¦Ûªv¡v¡A»Pì¦í¥Á±Ú¹ê½î¶°Åé¦ÛªvÅvªº¤è¦V«nÁÕ¥_Âá¡C¦b²Ä¥|¦¸×¾ËùØ¡A²Ä10±ø¡]²Ä10´Ú¡^´£¨ì¡u¥Á±Ú·NÄ@¡v¦r²´¡A³Q¼ÖÆ[¦a¸ÑÄÀ¬°ì¦í¥Áªº¡u¥Á±Ú±ø´Ú¡v¡A¤]´N¬O¦æ¨Ï¥Á±Ú¦Û¨MÅvªºªk·½¡A¤£¹L¡A¤´¦³¬Û·í¤jªºª§Ä³©Ê¡C 2.5.2¡@¥ßªk©eû¶Àº¸æ¢µ¥¤H¡A¦b1998¦~¸Õ¹Ï¦b¯óÀÀ¤¤ªº¡y¦a¤è¦Ûªvªk¡z¥[¤J¦Ûªv°Ïªº¦w±Æ¡F³Ì«á³q¹Lªº¡y¦a¤è¨î«×ªk¡z¡]1999¡^²×¨s¥¼¯à²[»\¨äºë¯«¡F¤@¯ëªº¬Ýªk¬O±N¥Ø«eªº¤s¦a¶mÂí½á¤©¦Ûªv°Ïªº¦a¦ì¡Cì¦í¥Á¥ß©e½²¤¤²[¦b1999-2000¦~¤§¶¡¡A¤]³z¹L¡y¥xÆWì¦í¥Á±Ú°ò¥»ªk¯ó®×¡zªºÀÀ©w¡A¹ï©ó¦Ûªv°Ïªº¦¨¥ß¡A»P¾ÇªÌ§@¤F¬Û·íµ{«×ªº·N¨£¾ã¦X¡C¥Ñ©ó´Â¤p³¥¤jªº§x¹Ò¡A¥Á¶iÄÒ¬F©²¦bº«×°õ¬F¤§«á¡AÁöµMÁ`²Î©²¤HÅv¿Ô¸ß¤p²Õ¹ï©ó¦¨¥ßì¦í¥Á¦Ûªv°Ïªí¹FÃöª`¡]2001¡^¡A²×¨s¥¼¯à±N¶¶§Q±À°Ê¡yì¦í¥Á±Ú¦Ûªv°Ïªk¯ó®×¡z¡C¤£¹L¡A¥X¤H·N®Æ¤§¥~¦a¡A¥ßªk°|¦b2005¦~1¤ë21¤é³q¹L¡yì¦í¥Á±Ú°ò¥»ªk¡z¡]ªþ¿ý¡^¡A½T»{¡uì¦í¥Á±Ú¦ÛªvÅv¡v¡A¦Ûªv°ÏÀ³¸Ó¥i¥H¦b¤T¦~¤º¦¨¥ß¡C 2.5.3 ³¯¤ô«óÁ`²Î¦b2000¦~Á`²Î¤j¿ï¤§«e¡A°£¤F´£¥X¡yì¦í¥Á±Ú¬Fµ¦¥Õ¥Ö®Ñ¡z¡AÁÙ»Pì¹BªB¤Íñ©w¤F¡yì¦í¥Á±Ú»P¥xÆW¬F©²·sªº¹Ù¦ñÃö«Y¡z¡A¿ï«á¤Sñ¤F¤@¯È¡yì¦í¥Á±Ú»P¥xÆW¬F©²·sªº¹Ù¦ñÃö«Y¦AªÖ»{¨ó©w¡z¡]2002¡^¡C¥Ñ©ó³o¨Ç¨ó©w¨Ã¥¼¸g¹L°ê·|½T»{¡]ij¨M¡^¡A¥u¯àºâ¬O¨ã¦³«¤j¶H¼x·N¸qªº¤å¥ó¡C ¡]¤»¡^ºî¦Xµûz ªí2¡G¦U°êì¦í¥Á±Ú¦Û¨MÅv±o¤À
§Ú̱qªí2¥i¥Hµo²{¡A¦U°ê¹ï©óì¦í¥Áªº¦Û¨MÅv³£±Ä³Ì«O¦uªº¸ÑÄÀ¡B©Î¬O®Ú¥»¤£Ä@´£¤Î¡C¬ü°ê¡B¥H¤Î¥[®³¤j¦bì¦í¥Á¦Ûªv°Ïªº³]¥ß¡Aºâ¬O¤ñ¸û¦³¶Ç²Î¡A¤£¹L¡A³o¬O¹L¥h¥H¤g¦aªº©ñ±ó¥æ´«¦Ó¨Óªº¡C¯Ã¦èÄõ¬F©²¦b»Pì¦í¥Á¤dq¬ù³¡¤À¡A¦]¬°«á¨Ó¥H¥ßªkªº¤è¦¡½T»{¡A¬O³Ì¦nªº¦w±Æ¡F¦Ó¬ü°ê»P¦L¦a¦w¤H¦b¹L¥h©Òñqªº±ø¬ù¡A°£«D¬O¹³¥[®³¤j¤@¼Ë¡A«·s¨ó°Ó½Í§P¡A§_«h¡A¥u¬O¨ã¤å¡C¾ãÅé¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥[®³¤j¦b½T«Oì¦í¥Á¦Û¨MÅvªº¹ê½î¡A§@±o³Ì¦n¡F¤£¹L³o¤]¦³¨ä¯S©wªº¯ßµ¸¡A¤]´N¬O»í¥_§Jªº¿W¥ß¹B°Ê¡A¹G¢¥[®³¤jÁp¨¹¬F©²¥²¶·¹ï ì¦í¥Áªº¶D¨DÅý¨B¡C¥xÆW·q³¥½®y¡A¥i¥H¸ÑÄÀ¬°¹ï©óì¦í¥ÁÅv§Qªº²z©ÀÁÙ¦bºN¯Á¤§¤¤¡F¿D¬w¦ü¥G¹ï©ó¦ì¶¥¸û°ªªºì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q¡A¤´¦b¿Å¶q²{¹ê§Q¯q»P¨}¤ßªº©Ô¿÷¡C ¤T¡B¤å¤ÆÅv §Ú̮ھڡyì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q«Å¨¥¯ó®×¡z¡A±À¥X¤TӼзǡG 1. ¬F©²¬O§_©Ó»{ì¦í¥Á±Ú¦Û¤vªº¥À»y¬°©x¤è»y¨¥¡H 2. ì¦í¥Á¬O§_¦³Åv¥H¦Û¤vªº»y¨¥¡B¾A¦X¥L̤å¤Æªº±Ð¾Ç¤èªk¨Ó±µ¨ü±Ð¨|¡H 3. ¬F©²¬O§_¦¨¥ß¤½®a¤§ì¦í¥Á»y¨¥ªº´CÅé¡H ¡]¤@¡^¬ü°ê 3.1.1
¾¨ºÞ¬ü°ê¨S¦³©x¤è»y¨¥¡A¤£¹L¡A¥Ñ©ó¬O^»y¿W¤j¡A¬Û¹ï¤§¤U¡Aì¦í¥Á»y¨¥ÁÙ¬O«D³q¥Îªº®z¶Õ»y¨¥¡C 3.1.2
¦Û±q¬ü°ê°ê·|¦b1975¦~³q¹L¡y¦L¦a¦w¦Û¨Mº[±Ð¨|¸É§Uªk¡z¡]Indian Self-Determination
and Educational Assistance Act, 1975¡^¡A³¡¸¨©Ò³]ªº°|®Õ¶}©l¥X²{¡A³¡¸¨¤p¾Ç«h¬O±Ä¥ÎÂù»y±Ð¨|¡B¨Ã¥B¯S§O«µøì¦í¥Á¾ú¥v¡]Fleras &
Elliott, 1992: 156¡^¡C 3.1.3
¥Ø«e¡A¬ü°ê¦³78Ó¥Ñì¦í¥Á¸gÀ窺¤½¥ß¼s¼½¹q¥x¡]¨ä¤¤30®a¦bªü©Ô´µ¥[¡^¡A¥Dn¦ì©ó«O¯d°Ï¸ÌÀY¡C¥t¥~¡A¡u¬ü°ê¦L¦a¦wµL½Ã¬Pºô¡v¡]American Indian
Radio on Satellite¡A²¼g¬°AIROS¡^«h³z¹L50Óì¦í¥Á¤½¦@¹q¥x¡A¦V³¡¸¨ªÀ°Ï©Î¬O¤@¯ë¤j²³¼½©ñì¦í¥Á¸`¥Ø¡]Corporations
for Public Broadcasting, 2002: 14¡^¡C¬ü°ê¥Ø«e°£¤F¦³¥|®a«D¸Ç¤½¦@¹qµø¥x¡A¦è¯Z¤ú¸Ç¡B¥H¤Î¨È¸Ç¤½¦@¹qµø¥x¦U¤@®a¡A´N¬O¨S¦³ì¦í¥Á±MÄݪº¤½¦@¹qµø¥x¡]Corporations
for Public Broadcasting, 2002: 25¡^¡C ¡]¤G¡^¿D¬w 3.2.1
ÁöµM¿D¬w¨S¦³©x¤è»y¨¥¡Aì¦í¥Á»y¨¥¦b¹ê½è¤W¬O«D³q¥Î»y¨¥¡C 3.2.2
¦Û±q1973¦~¡A¥_»â¦aªº¤@¨Ç¾Ç®Õ¶}©l¸ÕÅç^»y¡þì¦í¥Á»yªºÂù»y±Ð¨|¡F¥Ø«e¡A¿D¬w¦³21©Ò^»y¡þì¦í¥Á»yªºÂù»y¾Ç®Õ¡A21®a¦b¥_»â¦a¡B4®a¦b¦è¿D¡]Reconciliation and Social
Justice Library, n.d.¡^¡C 3.2.3
¥Ø«e¦³30¹ÎÅé¦b»s§@¸`¥Ø¨ÑÀ³µ¹¤½¦@¼s¼½¹q¥x¡A¤@Ó§«ô¦³180¤p®Éªº¼½¥X®É¼Æ¡F¤¤¥¡¿D¬wì¦í¥Á´CÅé¨ó·|¡]CAAM¡^³z¹L½Ã¬P¶Ç°e¦UºØ¹qµø¸`¥Øµ¹¤¤¥_¿D¬wªºÆ[²³¡A¤£¹L¡A¤@Ó§«ô¥u¦³¤@Ó¤p®É¬O¦³Ãöì¦í¥Á¡F¥t¥~¡ACAAM¸gÀç°ß¿W¶È¦³ªºì¦í¥Á¤½¦@¼s¼½¹q¥x8 KIN¡A³z¹L½Ã¬P¼½©ñªº½ÕÀW¹q¥x¡F¥t¥~¡A»·¶Zì¦í¥ÁªÀ°Ï¼½©ñ¨t²Î¡]BRACS¡^¡]Reconciliation and
Social Justice Library, n.d.¡^¡C ¡]¤T¡^¯Ã¦èÄõ 3.3.1
¯Ã¦èÄõ쥻ªº©x¤è»y¨¥¬O^»y¡A¦b1987¦~³q¹L¡y¤ò§Q»y¨¥ªk¡z¡]Mari Language Act¡^¥H«á¡A¤ò§Q»y¤]´£¤É¬°©x¤è»y¨¥¡F¸Óªk¯S§O³W©w¡A¦bªk®x¤W¡A¤ò§Q¤H§Y¨Ï¦³¨Ï¥Î^»y·¾³qªº¯à¤O¡A¤]¥i¥H¿ï¾Ü¤ò§Q»y¡]Durie,
1998: 62¡^¡C 3.3.2
¯Ã¦èÄõ¦b1982¦~³]¥ß²Ä¤@©Ò¥H¤ò§Q»y±Ð¾Çªº¦«¨à©Ò¡]ºÙ¬°¡u»y¨¥±_¡v¡^¡AÀH«á¦³¥H¤ò§Q»y±Ð¾Ç¤p¾Ç¡Aªñ¦~«h©¹¤W´£¤É¨ì¤¤¾Ç¡]New
Zealand, Ministry of Education, 2004; Fleras & Elliott, 1992: 211-13¡F±i¾ÇÁ¾¡A2002¡^¡C 3.3.3
²Ä¤@®a¥þ°ê©Êªº°êÀç¤ò§Q»y¼s¼½¥x¦b1996¦~¶}©l¼½µ¡A¦P¦~¡A²Ä¤@Ó¤ò§Q»y¹qµøÀW¹D¡]Aotearoa TV Network¡^³Ð¥x¡]Durie, 1998: 68-74¡^¡C ¡]¥|¡^¥[®³¤j 3.4.1
^»y¡B¥H¤Îªk»y¬O¥[®³¤jªº©x¤è»y¨¥¡F¦b¦è¥_»â¦a¡A°£¤F^»y¡B¥H¤Îªk»y¥H¥~¡A¥]¬AChipewyan¡BCree¡BDogrib¡BGwich¡¦in¡BInnu¡BSlaveyµ¥ì¦í¥Á±Ú»y¨¥¤]¬O©x¤è»y¨¥¡F¦bNunavut¡A°£¤F^¤å¡B¥H¤Îªk¤å¡A·í¦aInuitªº»y¨¥Inuktitut¤]¬O©x¤è»y¨¥ (Wikipedia, n.d.; Hawkes, n.d.¡F§õ¾Ëºa¡A2004¡G271)¡C 3.4.2
®Ú¾Ú¥[®³¤j±Ð¨|¨ó·|¡]Canadian Education
Association¡^¹ï©ó500©Ò¬Ù¯Å¾Ç®Õ¡B¥H¤Î©Ò¦³«O¯d°Ï¤º¾Ç®Õªº½Õ¬d¡A¬ù¦³4%ªº¾Ç®Õ¨Ï¥Îì¦í¥Á»y¨¥¬°±Ð¾Ç»y¨¥¡A¯S§O¬O¦b¦è¥_»â¦a¨Ï¥ÎInuktitut¡]Burnaby, 1996¡^¡C 3.4.3
¥[®³¤j¦³120®aªÀ°Ï©Ê¼s¼½¹q¥x¡A¤j³¡¤À¦ì©ó°¾»÷ªº¥_¤è¡A¦P®É¤]¦³¤@¨Çì¦í¥ÁªÀ°Ï¹qµø¥x¡C¦b1999¦~Àò㦨¥ßªºì¦í¥Á±Ú¹qµøºô¡]Aboriginal Peoples¡¦
Television Network¡A²ºÙAPTN¡^¡A¸¹ºÙ¬O¥@¬É²Ä¤@Ó¥þ°ê©Êªºì¦í¥Á¹qµøºô¡A¨Ï¥Î^»y¡Bªk»y¡B¥H¤Î15ºØì¦í¥Á»y¨¥¡]Pennefather, 2002: 4¡^¡C ¡]¤¡^¥xÆW 3.5.1
¥xÆWÁöµM¨S¦³ªk©wªº©x¤è»y¨¥¡A¤£¹L¡A¦Û±q¾Ô«á¡A°ê¥ÁÄÒ¬F©²¤@ª½¨Ï¥Î¡uµØ»y¡v¬°©x¤è»y¨¥¡A¨ÃºÙ¤§¬°¡u°ê»y¡v¡CÁöµM¥Á¶iÄÒ¬F©²¹Á¸ÕµÛn³z¹L¥ßªk±N©Ò¦³ªº¥xÆW¥»¤g»y¨¥¦C¬°¡u°ê®a»y¨¥¡v¡A¤£¹L¡A©|¥¼¦¨¥\¡C 3.5.2¡y¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¾Ëªk¡z¼W×±ø¤å²Ä¤Q±ø¡B²Ä10¶µÁöµM¦³¡u°ê®aªÖ©w¦h¤¸¤å¤Æ¡A¨Ã¿n·¥ºûÅ@µo®iì¦í¥Á±Ú»y¨¥¤Î¤å¤Æ¡vªº³W©w¡A¦Ó¥B¾Ú¤§³q¹L¡yì¦í¥Á±Ð¨|ªk¡z¡]1998¡^¡A¤£¹L¡A¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡A¥u¦³¦b¤p¾Ç¦³¥À»y±Ð¾Ç¡]¨CÓ§«ô¤@Ó¤p®É¡^¡A©|¥¼¦³¥À¨ü±Ðªº§@ªk¡C 3.5.3®Ú¾Ú¡yì¦í¥Á±Ð¨|ªk¡z²Ä¤G¤Q¤»±ø¡G¡u¬F©²¬°ì¦í¥Á¥Á±Ú¤å¤Æ±Ð¨|¶Ç©Óµo®i¤§»Ýn¡AÀ³©ó¤½¦@¹qµø¡B±Ð¨|¼s¼½¹q¥x¡BµL¹q¥x¤Î¦³½u¹q¥x¤§¤½¯qÀW¹D¤¤³]¸m±MÄݮɬq¤ÎÀW¹D¡A¨Ã©ó¹q¸£ºô¸ô¤¤³]¸m±MÄݺô¯¸¡A¨Ã±oµø¹ê»Ú»Ýn¡A³]¸m¨ä¥L¤å±Ð¶Ç¼½´CÅé¨Æ·~¡C¡v°£¤F¥Ø«eªº¤½¦@¹qµø¥x¨C¶g©T©w¼½¥X¥Ñ¤½ì¦í¥Á°OªÌ»s§@ªº¡uì¦í¥Á·s»DÂø»x¡v¡B¥H¤Î¡u³¡¸¨±¹ï±¡v¸`¥Ø¥H¥~¡A²Ä¤@Ó¤½¦@ªºì¦í¥Á¹qµø¥x¡]¦³½u¹qµø²Ä¤Q¤»ÀW¹D¡^©ó2005¦~¤¸¥¹¸Õ¼½¡A¹w©w©ó¤C¤ë¤@¤é¶}¼½¡C ¡]¤»¡^ºî¦Xµûz §Ú̮ھڪí3¨Ó¬Ý¡A¯Ã¦èÄõ¡B¥H¤Î¥[®³¤j¦bì¦í¥Á¦b¤å±ÐÅv±¦V±o¨ì3¤À¡A¯S§O¬O±Nì¦í¥Á»y¨¥¦C¬°¥þ°ê©Ê¡F©Î¬O°Ï°ì©Êªº©x¤è»y¨¥¡A¤jP¤Ï¬M¥X¨â°ê¹ï©óì¦í¥Á¤£´±©¿µø¡C¬ü°ê¡B¥H¤Î¿D¬w¦bì¦í¥Á¤å±ÐÅv±o2¤À¡A¥Dn¬Oì¦í¥Áªº»y¨¥¨Ã¥¼¦³§´¾Aªº©x¤è¦a¦ì¡F¾¨ºÞ³o¨â°ê³£¨S¦³§Î¦¡¤Wªº©x¤è»y¨¥¡A¬Ý¨Ó¨Ã¨S¦³¹ïì¦í¥Á»y¨¥¨è·N©¿µø¡A¤£¹L¡A¥Ñ©ó^»y¬O¨â°êªº¹ê½è³q¥Î»y¨¥¡A¦b§V¤O¤WÁÙ¬O»P¯Ã¦èÄõ¡B¥H¤Î¥[®³¤j¦³§O¡C¥xÆW¹ï©óì¦í¥Á¤å±ÐÅvªº¤TÓ±¦V¡AÁÙ¦³¬Û·í¤jªºªïÀY»°¤WªÅ¶¡¡C ªí3¡G¦U°êì¦í¥Á±Ú¤å±ÐÅvªº±o¤À
¥|¡B°]²£Åv §Ú̮ھڡyì¦í¥Á±ÚÅv§Q«Å¨¥¯ó®×¡z¹ï©óì¦í¥Á°]²£Åvªº¬ÛÃö³W©w¡A±À¥X¤TӼзǡG 1. ¬F©²¬O§_©Ó»{ì¦í¥Áªº¤g¦a©Ò¦³Åv¡H 2. ì¦í¥Á¬O§_¾Ö¦³¤g¦a¬ÛÃöªº¤ÑµM¸ê·½©Ò¦³Åv¡B©Î¬Oº®ÂyªºÅv§Q¡H 3. ¬F©²¬O§_ÂkÁÙì¦í¥Áªº¶Ç²Î¤g¦a¡H ¡]¤@¡^¬ü°ê 4.1.1
¦b19¥@¬ö¥½¡A¬ü°ê¬F©²³z¹L¡y¤g¦aÁ`¤À°tªk¡z¡]General Allotment
Act, 1887 (Dawes Act)¡^¡A¥H¬°¤Fn§ïµ½¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº¥Í¬¡¬°¥Ñ¡A±j¦æ±N³¡¸¨©Ò¦³ªº¤g¦a¤À³Îµ¹Ó¤H¡A¦h¥X¨Óªº«h½æµ¹¥Õ¤H¡Fµ²ªG¡A°£¤F³y¦¨¦L¦a¦w¤HªÀ·|µ²ºc¸ÑÅé¡A¦b1887-1934¦~¤§¶¡Á`¦@¦³275¸U¯a¡]60%¦h¡^ªº¦L¦a¦w¤H³Ñ¾l¤g¦a¬y¥¢¡]Fleras &
Elliott, 1992: 143-44¡^¡C¦b1971¦~³q¹Lªº¡yªü©Ô´µ¥[ì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅv³B²zªk¡z¡]Alaska Native Claims
Settlement Act, 1971¡^¡A¥»½è¤W»P¹L¥hªº±ø¬ù¨S¦³¤£¦P¡A¤]´N¬O¥Ñì¦í¥Á»P¤J«IªÌñ¬ù¡A¤£¹L¡Aªü©Ô´µ¥[ì¦í¥Á²×¨s¨ú±o½d³ò¬Û·í¤jªº¤g¦aÅv¡]Fleras
& Elliott, 1992: 157¡^¡C 4.1.2
¦b¦L¦a¦w¤H²{¦³ªº»â°ì¸ÌÀY¡A¬J¦³ªº¥DÅv½á¤©³¡¸¨¬Û·íªºÅv¤O¨ÓºÞ²z«O¯d°Ïªº¸ê·½¡A¥]¬A¤ôÅv¡Bº®ÂyÅv¡BÄqÅv¡B¥H¤Î¤ì§÷¸ê·½¡]Meyers & Landau,
1998¡^¡C 4.1.3 ±q1970¦~¥N°_¡A¦bì¦í¥Á¹B°Êªº·¼é¤U¡AÁÙ§Ú¤g¦a¹B°Ê¶}©l¦³©Ò¶i®i¡C¦b1971¦~¡A·s¾¥¦èô¦{ªºTaos Pueblo¥Á±Ú¦¨¥\¨ú¦^³Q¬O¬°¯ªÆF¦aªºBlue Lake¡B¥H¤Î¶g¾DªºªL¦a¡]Fleras &
Elliott, 1992: 156-57¡^¡C ¡]¤G¡^¿D¬w 4.2.1¦Û±qÁp¨¹¬F©²¦b1976¦~³q¹L¡y¥_»â¦aì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Aboriginal
Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act¡^¡A©Ó»{ì¦í¥Áªº¤g¦aÅv¡A¦U¬Ù¤]¬ÛÄ~Ãþ¦üªº¤g¦aÅvªk®×¡F°ªµ¥ªk°|¦b,1992¦~§@¦¨¡y¡yº¿²ö®×²Ä¤G¸¹¡z§P¨Ò¡]Mabo
No. 2¡^¡A½T»{ì¦í¥Á¦b²ßºDªk¤Uªº¤g¦aÅv¡A¢¨Ï¬F©²¥[ºò³q¹L¡yì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Native Title Act, 1993
(Cth)¡^¡A¨Ã³]¥ß¡uì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk®x¡v¨Ó³B²zì¦í¥Á¹ï©ó¨ú¦^¤g¦aÅv©Ò§@ªº¶D³^¡]Behrendt,
2000; Magallanes, 1999: 249¡^¡C 4.2.2¡yì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]1993¡^¡A¥u©Ó»{ì¦í¥Á²ßºDªk¤§¤Uªºº®ÀòÅv¡A¤£©Ó»{°Ó·~©Êªºº®ÀòÅv¡A«á¨Óªº¡y¤gµÛ¤g¦aÅv×¥¿ªk¡z¡]Native Title
Amendment Act, 1998 (Cth)¡^§ó¬O¥H¦æ¬Fµ{§Ç¥[¥H¨î¡]Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission,
n.d.¡^¡F¤jÅé¦Ó¨¥¡A¥Ø«e¿D¬w¹ï©ó©ó©ÎÅvªº°µªkÄ@¸¨«á©ó¬ü°ê¡B¯Ã¦èÄõ¡B¥H¤Î¥[®³¤j¡]Tsamenyi & Mfodwo, 2001¡^¡C§ÚÌ¥Ñ2002¦~¦b¦è¿D§¹¦¨ªºMartu±Ú¤g¦aÅv¨ó©w¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤g¦aÅv¨Ã¤£¥]§t¾Ö¦³Äq²£¡B¥H¤Î¥ÛªoªºÅv§Q¡A¦Óº®ÂyÅv¤]©ó¶Ç²Î©Ò»Ý¡A¦¹¥~¡AĪ¤j¾úªe¡]Rudali
River¡^°ê®a¤½¶é¤]±Æ°£¦b¨ó©w¤§¥~¡]enair.org,
2002¡^¡C 4.2.3
«n¿Dij·|¦b1981¦~³q¹L¡y¥Ö¯S«Ø¯S¥[©Ô¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Pitjantjara Land
Rights Act¡^¡A§â¤g¦a©Ò¦³Åv¡]native titles¡^ÂkÁÙµ¹¥Ö¯S«Ø¯S¥[©Ôì¦í¥Á¡A¤£¹L¡A¬F©²ÁÙ¬O¤¹³\ì¦í¥Á¤Ï¹ïªºÄq·~Ä~Äò¶}±Ä¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¤g¦aÅv¡]land rights¡^»Pnative titles¬O¨â¦^¨Æ¡]n.a., 2001¡^¡C ¡]¤T¡^¯Ã¦èÄõ 4.3.1
¤ò§Q¤H쥻¦³¨ä¶Ç²Îªº¤g¦aÅv¨î«×¡A¨Ã¨ü¨ì¡y¥~©Z¤Î±ø¬ù¡z¡]1840¡^ªº«O»Ù¡A¤£¹L¡A±¹ï¥Õ¤H¹ï©ó¤g¦aªº»Ý¨D¿E¼W¡A¬F©²¤À§O¦b1862¡B1865¦~³q¹L¡yì¦í¥Á¤g¦aªk¡z¡]Native Lands Ac¡^¡A¥HªZ¤O±j¦æ¨S¦¬¡B©Î¬O§C»ù¦¬ÁÊ¡A¬Æ¦Ü¨Ï¥Î¡uì¦í¥Á¤g¦aªk®x¡v¡]Native Land Court¡^¨Ó¦¬ÁÊ¡AÅú¹ÄH§]¤ò§Q¤Hªº¤g¦a¡F¤ò§Q¤H±q1970¦~¥N¶}©lµo°Ê§Üª§¡B¶i¦æ¶D³^¡B¥H¤Î½Í§P¨ó°Ó¡A¬F©²¤~³vº¥ÂkÁÙ¤@¨Ç¤g¦a¡A¯S§O¬O¡y¤ò§Q¤g¦aªk¡z¡]Maori Land Act¡^¦b1993¦~³q¹L¥H«á¡A¡y¥~©Z¤Î±ø¬ù¡z©Ò«O»Ùªºì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅv¤~³Q¥¿¦¡©Ó»{¡]Durie,
1998: 115-38; Meyers, 1998¡^¡C 4.3.2
ÁöµM¡y¥~©Z¤Î±ø¬ù¡z´£¤Î¤ò§Q¤H¹ï©ó¤g¦a¡B´ËªL¡B¥H¤Îº®Àòªº©Ò¦³Åv¡A¤£¹L¡Aº®ÀòÅv¤@ª½³Q§@³Ì¯U¸qªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¤]´N¬O©ó«D°Ó·~ªººû¥Í©Ò»Ý¡F®Ú¾Ú1986¦~³q¹Lªº¡yº®³õ×¥¿ªk¡z¡]Fisheries Amendment Act¡^¡Aº®Àò¶q±Ä¨ú°tÃBºÞ²z¡AÁÙ¬O¨S¦³¦Ò¼{¤ò§Q¤H¶Ç²Î¹ï©óº®Àòªº©Ò¦³Åv¡F¤@ª½n¨ì1989¦~³q¹Lªº¡y¤ò§Qº®³õªk¡z¡]Maori Fisheries Act¡^¡A¤~³W©w±N10%ªº°Ó·~º®Àò¶q¤À°tµ¹¤ò§Q¤H¡]Durie, 1998: 149-55¡^¡C¦b1992¦~³q¹Lªº¡y¥~©Z¦N±ø¬ùº®³õÅvªk¡z¡]Treaty of Waitangi
(Fisheries Claim) Settlement Act¡^¡A¬F©²°£¤F«OÃÒ¤ò§Q¤Hªºº®Àò¦Û¥ÎÅv¥H¥~¡A¥´ºâ¥H°Ó·~§Q¯qÅvªº¤À°t¨Ó¥æ´«¤ò§Q¤H©ñ±óº®ÀòÅv¡A§Æ±æ¯à¦b¤Q¦~¤º¥þ½L¸Ñ¨M¤ò§Q¤Hº®ÀòÅvªºª§Ä³¡]Ward,
1999: 45-47¡^¡C 4.3.3
¸g¹L¦h¦~ªº½Í§P¡A¯Ã¦èÄõ¬F©²²×©óµªÀ³ÂkÁÙ¤@¨Ç¤g¦aµ¹¤ò§Q¤H¡A¤£¹L¡A³q±`¬O³h½Cªº¦a¤è¡]Durie,
1998: 119¡^¡CÄ´¦p¦b1994¦~ªºTainui¤g¦a¨ó©w¡A¬F©²°£¤F¹Dºp¡B¥H¤Î¦P·NÂkÁÙ15,790¯a¤g¦a¥H¥~¡AÁÙ½ßÀv¤@»õ¤C¤d¸U¤¸¡]Durie,
1998: 196¡^¡C ¡]¥|¡^¥[®³¤j 4.4.1
¥[®³¤jÁp¨¹¬F©²±q1973¦~¶}©l±À°Ê©Ò¿×ªº¡u¥þ½L¤g¦aÅv¬Fµ¦¡v¡A¨Ï¥ÎComprehensive Claims
Process¡B¥H¤ÎSpecial Claims
Process¡A¥HÅú¹ÄH§]ªº¤è¦¡»P¦L¦a¦w¤Hñq¤g¦a¨ó©w¡A·Qn¥[ºò³B²z©|¥¼»P¬F©²Ã±q±ø¬ùªº¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº¤g¦aÅv°ÝÃD¡G«eªÌ¾A¥Î©ó±q¥¼Ã±q¹L±ø¬ùªÌ¡AÄ´¦p1993¦~ñqªºNunavut Land Claims Agreement
Act¡A¦P·NÅýInuit¦¨¥ßNunavut»â¦a¡]¦Ûªv°Ï¡^¡F«áªÌ¾A¥Î©óñ¹L±ø¬ù¡B¤£¹L«oı±o¬F©²¹ï©ó±ø¬ù¼i¦æ¤£¤OªÌ¡]Wherrett,
1999; Behrendt, 2000¡^¡C¦b1986¦~ªº¤g¦aÅv¬Fµ¦×¥¿³¯z¤¤¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²»{¬°¦Ûªv¬F©²¬O¤g¦aÅv½Í§PªºÃöÁä¡AÅý¨âªÌ¦³¤@¨Ö¸Ñ¨Mªº¥i¯à ¡]Weick, n.d.¡^¡C¤£¹L¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²ì¥»n¨Dì¦í¥Á¥H©ñ±ó¤g¦aÅv¨Ó¥æ´«¨ó©wªº½Í§P¡B¥H¤Î¸ÉÀv¡Aµ²ªG¤Þ°_«Ü±j¯Pªº¤Ï¼u¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¨ì©³n¥ý½Í§P¤g¦aÅv¡B¦A½Í¦ÛªvÅv¡AÁÙ¬O¥ý¦ÛªvÅv¡B©Î¤g¦aÅv¡F¥Ø«e¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²ªºµ¦²¤¬O¥ý³B²z¤g¦aÅvªº°ÝÃD¡A§â¦Ûªv¡B¥H¤Î¸ê·½µo®i¦C¬°¦¸n¥Ø¼Ð¡]Fleras
& Elliott, 1992: 35¡^¡Cȱoª`·Nªº¬O¡A³Ì°ªªk°|¦b1990¦~©Ò§@ªº¡y³Â³¶®×¡z§P¨Ò¡]Sparrow v. the Queen¡^¤¤¡A¹ï©ó²{ªk¤¤¹ï©óì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q§@¦³©Ò«O¯dªº¸ÑÄÀ¡]Behrendt, 2000¡^¡C 4.4.2
¦Û±q¡y¥dº¸¼w®×¡z¡]Calder
v. Attorney-General of British Columbia, 1973¡^¥H«á¡A¥[®³¤j¬F©²³z¹LComprehensive Claims ProcessªºÃ±¬ù¹Lµ{¡A¶}©l©Ó»{ì¦í¥Áªº¤g¦aÅv¡B¸ê·½Åv¡þ¦a¤Uªº±ÄÄqÅv¡B¥H¤Îº®ÂyÅv¡]Behrendt,
2000; Magallanes, 1999: 256¡^¡C¤£¹L¡A¨s³º¥i¥H¨ú±o¦h¤ÖÅv¡AÁÙ¬OºÝ¿àӮ׽ͧPªºµ²ªG¡AÄ´¦p»¡¦b1984¦~ªºCree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act¡Aì¦í¥ÁÁÙ¬On©ñ±ó¤@¤j¤ù¤g¦a¡A¥H¥æ´««O¯d°Ï¡B¦ÛªvÅv¡Bº®ÂyÅv¡B¥H¤Î²{ª÷¸ÉÀv¡]Fleras
& Elliott, 1992: 60¡^¡C 4.4.3
¥[®³¤j³Ì°ªªk°|¦b1997¦~§@¤F¡y¼wº¸¥[¥Ø®w®×¡z§P¨M¡]Delgamuukw
v. British Columbia¡^¡A®Ú¾Ú¾ú¥v¨Ï¥Î¡B¶Ç²Î©Ò¦³Åv¡B¥H¤Î¤fz¥v¡A§P©w^ÄÝôÛ¤ñ¨È¬ÙGitksan¤ÎWet¡¦suwet¡¦en¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº¤g¦aÅv¡]Behrendt, 2000¡^¡C ¡]¤¡^¥xÆW 4.5.1°ê¥ÁÄÒ¬F©²©ó¾Ô«á¨Ó¥x¡A±N¤éªv®É¥Nªº¡u°ª¬â±Ú«O¯d¦a¡v§ï¬°¡u¤s¦a«O¯d¦a¡v¡A¤]´N¬O±Nì¦í¥Á¤g¦a³Q¦¬Âk¬°¡u°ê¦³¤g¦a¡v¡A¨Ãq©w¦æ¬F©R¥O¡y¥xÆW¬Ù¦U¿¤¥«¤s¦a«O¯d¦aºÞ²z¿ìªk¡z¡]1948¡^¨ÓºÞ²z¡Aì¦í¥Á³à¥¢¤g¦aÅv¡A¥u¦³¨Ï¥ÎÅv¡F¤@ª½¨ì1966¦~×q¹ê¬I¡y¥xÆW¬Ù¤s¦a«O¯d¦aºÞ²z¿ìªk¡z¡Aì¦í¥Á¤~¶}©l¥i¥H¨ú±o¤g¦a©Ò¦³Åv¡A¨ì1997¦~¬°¤î¡Aì¦í¥Á«O¯d¦a¤§±¬ù25¸U¤½³¼¡A¨ä¤¤¡Aì¦í¥Á¨ú±o©Ò¦³Åv±¿nªº¤ñ²v¬°11.14%¡A¨ú±o©Ó¯²Åvªº¦³14.52%¡Aì¦í¥Á§Æ±æ¯à¨ú±o³o¤@³¡¤Àªº©Ò¦³Åv¡]ÃC·RÀR¡B·¨°ê¬W¡A2004¡^¡C°ò¥»¤W¡A§ÚÌ»{¬°¬F©²ªº°µªk¬Oµ¹¤©ì¦í¥Á¤@¨Ç¤g¦a¡A¦Ó«D±q¶Ç²Î¤g¦aÅvµÛ²´¡C 4.5.2 ¦b¤s¦a«O¯d¦a¸ÌÀY¡Aì¦í¥Á¨ú±o¦a¤WÅv¡]ªL·~¥Î¦a¡^ªº¤ñ²v¬°14.67%¡]ÃC·RÀR¡B·¨°ê¬W¡A2004¡^¡C¥Ø«e§Ú°êªº¡y´ËªLªk¡z¹ï©óì¦í¥Á¦b¶Ç²Î»â°ì±Ä¶°´ËªL²£ª«¡A©w©ó¡u¥Í¬¡ºD«U©Ò»Ý¡v¡]15±ø¡^¡F¦Ó¡y³¥¥Í°Êª««O¨|ªk¡z¹ï©óì¦í¥Áªº¬¼ÂyÅv©w©ó¡u¶Ç²Î¤å¤Æ¡B²½»ö¡v¡]20±ø¤§1¡^¡C®Ú¾Ú³Ìªñ³q¹Lªº¡y·Å¬uªk¡z¡]2003¡^¡A©óì¦í¥Á±Ú¦a°Ï¤º©Ò¼x¦¬ªº·Å¬u¨ú¥Î¶O¡AÀ³¸Ó´£¼·¦Ü¤Ö¤T¤À¤§¤@¯Ç¤J¦æ¬F°|ì¦í¥Á±Úºî¦Xµo®i°òª÷¡A§@¬°ì¦í¥Á±Úµo®i¸gÀ٤Τå¤Æ²£·~¤§¥Î¡C¥ßªk°|è³q¹Lªº¡yì¦í¥Á±Ú°ò¥»ªk¡z¡]2005¡^¡AÁöµM½T»{¡u¬F©²©Ó»{ì¦í¥Á±Ú¤g¦a¤Î¦ÛµM¸ê·½Åv§Q¡v¡A¤£¹L¡A«o±Nº®Ây¡B±Ä¶°¡BÄq²£¡B¥H¤Î¤ô¸ê·½ªº¨Ï¥Î©w¬°«DÀç§Qªº¶Ç²Î¤å¤Æ¡B²½»ö¡B©Î¬O¦Û¥Î¡C 4.5.3
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¤¡B¥qªkÅv §Ú̱q¡yì¦í¥ÁÅv§Q«Å¨¥¯ó®×¡zªº±ø¤å¡A±À¥X¤TӼзǡG 1. ¤jªk©x¬O§_¦³ì¦í¥Á¦¨û¡H 2. ¥qªk¾÷ºc¬O§_¦³´©¤Þì¦í¥Á¤§²ßºDªk§@¬°§P¨M¨Ì¾Ú¡H 3. ¬O§_¦³ì¦í¥Áªº¯S§Oªk®x¡H ¡]¤@¡^¬ü°ê 5.1.1 ¬ü°ê³Ì°ªªk°|¨Ã¨S¦³ì¦í¥Á¤jªk©x¡C 5.1.2¡@¦b¬ü°ê¦è¥_®ü©¤ªº¤@¨Ç¦L¦a¦w³¡¸¨¡Aº®Ây¡B¥H¤Î±Ä¶°ªº³W¯x¬O¥Ñ²ßºDªk¨Ó¨M©w¡]Melton, 1995¡^¡C 5.1.3¡@¦b¬ü°ê¡A¦Ü¤Ö¦³145Ó¦L¦a¦w³¡¸¨³]¸m¦Û¤vªºªk®x¡A¥]¬A¶Ç²Îªk®x¡B¦L¦a¦w¤Hªk®x¡B¥H¤Î®Ú¾Ú1934¦~³q¹Lªº¡y¦L¦a¦w«²Õªk¡z¡]Indian Reorganization
Act¡^¦Ó³]¥ßªº³¡¸¨ªk®x¡]Palys, 1993¡^¡C ¡]¤G¡^¿D¬w 5.2.1
¿D¬w³Ì°ªªk°|¨Ã¨S¦³ì¦í¥Á¤jªk©x¡C 5.2.2
¿D¬w¬F©²¦b1976¦~³q¹L¡y¥_»â¦aì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Aboriginal
Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act¡^¡B¥H¤Î¡yì¦í¥Á²z¨Æ·|º[¨ó·|ªk¡z¡]Aboriginal Councils
and Associations Act (Cth)¡^¡A¦b±ø¤å¤W¤À§O´£¨ìì¦í¥Áªº¡u¶Ç²Î¡v¡]tradition¡^¡B¥H¤Î¡uºD«U¡v¡]custom¡^¡F³Ì°ªªk°|¤]¦b1992¦~§@¥X¡yº¿²ö®×²Ä¤G¸¹¡z§P¨Ò¡]Mabo No. 2¡^¡A©Ó»{ì¦í¥Á¦b²ßºDªk¤§¤Uªº¤g¦aÅv¡AÀH«á³q¹Lªº¡yì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Native Title Act,
1993 (Cth)¡^¡A´£¨ìì¦í¥Áªº¡u¶Ç²Îªk¡v¡]traditional law¡^¡B¥H¤Î¡u¶Ç²ÎºD«U¡v¡]traditional customs¡^¡C¾¨ºÞ¦p¦¹¡A¿D¬wªk°|¹ï©óì¦í¥Áªº²ßºDªkÁÙ¬O±Ä¨úӮ׳B²zªººA«×¡A©|¥¼¥þ½L¯Ç¤J¿D¬wªº¥qªkÅé¨t¡]Australia,
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, n.d.¡^¡C 5.2.3
¬F©²¦b1993¦~³q¹L¡yì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Native Title Act
(Cth)¡^¥H«á¡A³]¥ß¡u°ê®aì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk®x¡v¡]National Native
Title Tribunal¡^¡]French, 1994¡^¡C ¡]¤T¡^¯Ã¦èÄõ 5.3.1
¯Ã¦èÄõ³Ì°ªªk°|¨Ã¨S¦³ì¦í¥Á¤jªk©x¡C 5.3.2
®Ú¾Ú¡y¥~©Z¦N±ø¬ù¡z¡A¬F©²©Ó»{ì¦í¥Á¹ï©ó¤g¦a¾Ö¦³ªº²ßºDªk¤Wªº©Ò¦³Åv¡]Durie, 1998: 119¡^¡C 5.3.3
¦b1865¦~¦¨¥ßªº¡uì¦í¥Á¤g¦aªk®x¡v¡A¬O¬F©²¦¬ÁÊì¦í¥Á¤g¦aªº¤u¨ã¡F¯Ã¦èÄõ¬F©²®Ú¾Ú¡y¥~©Z¦N±ø¬ùªk¡z¡]Treaty of Waitangi Act, 1975¡^¡A³]¥ß¤F¡u¥~©Z¦Nªk®x¡v¡]Waitangi Tribunal¡^¡A¥Dn¬O±µ¨ü¤ò§Q¤H¹ï©ó¬F©²¹HI¡y¥~©Z¦N±ø¬ùªk¡z©Ò´£¥Xªº¶DÄ@¡A¶i¦æ½Õ¬d¡B«Øij¡B½Õ¸Ñ¡B¬Æ©Î§P¨M¡]Durie,
1998: 121-22¡^¡C ¡]¥|¡^¥[®³¤j 5.4.1
¥[®³¤j³Ì°ªªk°|¨Ã¨S¦³ì¦í¥Á¤jªk©x¡C 5.4.2
¦Û±q¥[®³¤j³Ì°ªªk°|§@¥X¡y¥dº¸¼w®×¡z¡]Calder
v. Attorney-General of British Columbia, 1973¡^§P¨Ò¥H«á¡A¥[®³¤j¬F©²¶}©l©Ó»{ì¦í¥Áªº¤g¦aÅv¡B¥H¤Î¸ê·½Åv¡]Asch, 1999¡^¡C¤£¹L¡Aì¦í¥Áªº²ßºDªkÁÙ¬O³Q©¿µø¡]Palys, 1993¡^¡C 5.4.3
¥[®³¤jªk°|¤£¤ÓÄ@·N¤¶¤J¤g¦aª§Ä³¡A«Øij¥H¬Fªv¤è¦¡¸Ñ¨M¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¥Ñ¬F©²³z¹L¤g¦a¨ó©wªº¤è¦¡¨Ó³B²z¡C ¡]¤¡^¥xÆW 5.5.1
¥xÆWªº³Ì°ªªk°|¨Ã¨S¦³ì¦í¥Á¤jªk©x¡C 5.5.2 ¥xÆW¨´¤µ¥¼¨£¦w®æ¾|ÂħJ´Ë¤å¤Æ¾Á´Þ°ê®a©ÒºD¥Îªº¥qªk±¹¬I¡A¤ñ¦p¿D¬wªºº¿²ö®×§P¨Ò¡A¯Ã¦èÄõªº¥~©Z¦Nªk®x¡A©Î¬O¥[®³¤jªº¦L¦a¦w±ø¬ù¡C¥Ø«e¥xÆWªº¤g¦a³W½d¤´¥H¦æ¬F©R¥O¦æ¤§¡A¨ÃµL®Ú¾Úì¦í¥Á²ßºDªk¨Ó§@§P¨Òªº¨Ì¾Ú¡C 5.5.3
¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡A¥xÆW¤´µM¨S¦³³]¥ßì¦í¥Áªk®x¡B©Î¬Oì¦í¥Á¤g¦aªk®x¡A¦Ó¬O¥H¤@¯ëªº¥qªk¾÷Ãö¼f²z¡C¤£¹L¡Aì¥Á·|¦³©e°U¾ÇªÌ¬ã¨s¦b¦³Åé¨î¤U¡A³]¥ßì¦í¥Á¯S§Oªk®xªº¥i¯à¡C ¡]¤»¡^ºî¦Xµûz ªí5¡G¦U°êì¦í¥Á±Ú¥qªkÅvªº±o¤À
§Ú̮ھڪí5¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¡A¯Ã¦èÄõ¡B¥H¤Î¿D¬w¦bì¦í¥Á¥qªkÅvªºªí²{¸û¦n¡A¤£¹L¡A¤]¥u¦³2¤À¡A¥Dn¬O³Ì°ªªk°|¨ÃµLì¦í¥Á¦¨û¡F¥Ñ©ó¤Ó°ê®a³oÓ±¦V³£¨S¦³ªí²{¡A¬O§_§Ú̪º¼Ð·Ç³¯¸q¹L°ª¡H§ÚÌ¥H¬°¡A¦pªG¬ü°êªºÁp¨¹³Ì°ªªk°|¥i¥H¦Ò¼{«D¬w¸Çªº¤jªk©x¡A¨º»ò¡A¯Ã¦èÄõÀ³¸Ó¥i¥H§@¨ì¡C·íµM¡A§Ú̳̤jªº§xÂZ¦b§P§Pªk©x¬O§_¬°ì¦í¥Á¡A¯S§O¬O»{©w¼Ð·Çªºq©w¡A¦]¦¹¡A³o³¡¥÷µû¤Àªº«H¿à«×¡]reliability¡^¥²¶·¦A¥[¥HÀËÅç¡C¦b´Lì¦í¥Á²ßºD¤è±¡A°£¤F¥xÆW¥H¥~¡A¨ä¥L°ê®a³£¦³¤£¦Pµ{«×ªº±µ¨ü¡A³o¥i¯à¬O¦]¬°¥xÆWªº¥qªk¨î«×»P^¬üªk¤£¦P¡F¤£¹L¡A¦pªG§Ú̦ۻ{¬°¬OªAÁt¦h¤¸¤å¤Æ¥D¸qªº°ê¡AÀ³¸Ó¥i¥H¦Ò¼{±Nì¦í¥Áªº²ßºDªk¯Ç¦p¡A¥Hªí¹F¥qªkªº¦h¤¸©Ê¡C ¤»¡B¬FªvÅv §Ú̱q¡yì¦í¥Á±ÚÅv§Q«Å¨¥¯ó®×¡z¸ÌÀY¡A±À¥X¤TӼзǡG 1. °ê·|¤¤¬O§_¦³ì¦í¥Á¡B©Î¬O¬ÛÃöªº¤Ö¼Æ±Ú¸s©eû·|¡H 2. ¦æ¬F³¡ªù¬O§_¦³³¡·|¯Åªºì¦í¥Á¨Æ°È³æ¦ì¡H 3. ¿ïÁ|¨î«×¤¤¬O§_¦³³]¥ßì¦í¥Á±Úªº«O»Ù¦WÃB¨î«×¡H ¡]¤@¡^¬ü°ê 6.1.1
¬ü°ê°Ñij°|¦b1977¦~¥H¯S§O©eû·|ªº¤è¦¡¼È®É«ì´_¡u¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È©eû·|¡v¡A¨Ã¦b1984¦~½T¥ß±`³]©eû·|¡]U.S., Senate
Committee on Indian Affairs, n.d.¡^¡C 6.1.2
¬ü°êÁp¨¹¬F©²¦b1849¦~±N¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È§½¡]Bureau of Indian Affairs¡^¥Ñ¾Ôª§³¡Âà¨ì¤º¬F³¡¡A±Nì¥ýªº©ºªA¤u§@Âର¦P¤Æ¡B¥H¤Î¥h³¡¸¨¤Æ¡F³z¹L«O¯d°Ï¨î«×¡A¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È§½¤@¤è±¶i¦æ©Ò¿×ªº·ÓÅU¡B¦P®É±j¤O°õ¦æÀ£¨î¦æ°Ê¡A¦³®Ä¦a¯}Ãa¦L¦a¦w¤Hªº¤å¤Æ¡BªÀ·|¡B¸gÀÙ¡B¥H¤Î¥qªk¨î«×¡]Fleras
& Elliott, 1992: 146-47¡^¡C 6.1.3
¬ü°ê°ê·|¨Ã¨S¦³ì¦í¥Á«O»Ù¦WÃB¡C ¡]¤G¡^¿D¬w 6.2.1
¿D¬w°ê·|²³Ä³°|³]¦³±`³]ªº¡uì¦í¥Áº[¦«¹p´µ®ü®l¸s®q¤H¨Æ°È©eû·|¡v¡]House of
Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Affairs¡^¡A°Ñij°|¦³¡uì¦í¥Á¨Æ°È¦æ¬F©eû·|¡v¡]Senate Select
Committee on the Administration of Indigenous Affairs¡^¡C 6.2.2
¿D¬w¦b1990¦¨¥ß·sªº¡uì¦í¥Áº[¦«¹p´µ®ü®l¸s®q¤H©eû·|¡v¡]Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander Commission¡A²¼g¬°ATSIC¡^¡AÁöµM¦bÅé¨î¤WÁõÄݲ¾¥Á¡B¦h¤¸¤å¤Æº[ì¦í¥Á¨Æ°È³¡¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¦³¬Û·íªº¹wºâ¥i¥H°õ¦æ¡A¤£¹L¡A¨ä©eû§¹¥þ¥Ñ¥þ°ê¦U¦aªº35Ó°Ï°ì²z¨Æ·|¿ï¥X¨Ó¡A¡]Australian Electoral
Commission, 2002¡^¡A¦]¦¹¡A¤S¦³¤@ÂI¥Á±Úij·|ªº©Ê½è¡Cªñ¦~¨Ó¡A¿D¬w¬F©²¥´ºâ½Õ¾ã¨ä¥\¯à¡A·Qn§â¨ä¦æ¬FªºÂ¾³d¥´´²¨ì¨ä¥L³¡·|¡C 6.2.3
¿D¬w°ê·|¨Ã¨S¦³±Mªùªºì¦í¥Á«O¯d®u¦¸¡A¤]¨S¦³¯S§Oªº±¹¬I¨Ó«P¶iì¦í¥ÁÔ¿ï¤H¨Ó°Ñ»P¦U¯Åij·|¿ïÁ|¡C ¡]¤T¡^¯Ã¦èÄõ 6.3.1 ¯Ã¦èÄõ°ê·|¦³±`¡u¤ò§Q¨Æ°È©eû·|¡v¡]Maori Affairs Committee¡^¡C 6.3.2
¯Ã¦èÄõ¦b1992¦~±Nì¥ýªºì¦í¥Á¾÷ºc¥[¥H¾ã¹y¡A§ï¦¨¥ß¡u¤ò§Qµo®i³¡¡v¡]Department of Maori
Development¡^¡]Fleras &
Elliott, 1992¡^¡C 6.3.3
¯Ã¦èÄõ¦b1867¦~³q¹L¡y¤ò§Q¤H¥NªíÅvªk®×¡z¡]Moari Representation
Act¡^¡A«O¯d¥|®u°ê·|®u¦¸µ¹¤ò§Q¤H¡C±q1994¦~¥H¨Ó¡A¤ò§Q¤Hªº°ê·|«O»Ù¦WÃB®u¦¸³vº¥¥Ñ4®u¼W¬°7®u¡]1994/5¡B1996/6¡B2001/7¡^¡F¤£¹L¡A¦pªG®Ú¾Ú¤H¤f¤ñ¨Ò¡A¤ò§Q¤HÀ³¸Ó¦³13®u¤~¹ï¡CÁÙ¦n¡A¯Ã¦èÄõ¦b1996¦~ªº¤j¿ï°_¡A¶}©l±Ä¨ú¼w°ê¦¡ªºÁp¥ß¤ñ¨Ò¥Nªí¨î¡]mixed-member
proportionality electoral system¡A²ºÙMMP¡^¡A§â¤£Ä@µn°Oªº¤ò§Q¿ï¥Á¯Ç¤J¬FÄÒ¤ñ¨Òªº¾÷¨î¡A¦P®É¤]´£¦W¦³¤ò§Q¦å²Îªº¤H°Ñ¥[³æ¤@¿ï°Ïªº¿ïÁ|¡A¾ãÅé¤ò§Q°ê·|ijûªº¤H¼Æ¿¼W¡]Archer¡A2003¡^¡C ¡]¥|¡^¥[®³¤j 6.4.1
¥[®³¤j°ê·|²³Ä³°|¦³±`³]ªº¡u¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°È¡B¥_¤èµo®iº[¦ÛµM¸ê·½©eû·|¡v¡]House of Commons
Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs, Northern Development and natural
Resources¡^¡A°Ñij°|¦³±`³]ªº¡uì¦í¥Á±Ú©eû·|¡v¡]Senate Standing
Committee on Aboriginal Committee¡^¨Ã¨S¦³ì¦í¥Áªº©eû·|¡C 6.4.2
¥[®³¤j¬F©²¦b³B²zì¦í¥Á¨Æ°È¤W¡A³]¦³¡u¦L¦a¦w¨Æ°Èº[¥_¤èµo®i³¡¡v¡]Department of Indian
Affair and Northern Development¡A²ºÙ¬°DIAND¡^±M³dì¦í¥Á¨Æ°È¡C 6.4.3
¥[®³¤j°ê·|¨Ã¨S¦³ì¦í¥Á«O»Ù¦WÃB¡C©x¤èªº¿Ô¸ß¤p²Õ¬Ó®a©eû·|ì¦í¥Á±Ú¤u§@¤p²Õ¡]Working Group of the
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples¡^¡A¦b1993¦~«Øij¦¨¥ß¤@Ó±MÄݪºì¦í¥Á±Ú°ê·|¡B©Î¬O²Ä¤@¥Á±Ú°|¡]House of First Commission¡^¡A¥H«O»Ùì¦í¥Á±Úªº¬Fªv°Ñ»P¡C¥t¥~¡A¬Ó®a¿ïÁ|§ï²º[¬FÄÒ°]°È©eû·|¤]´¿¸g«Ø¥ßÅýì¦í¥Á¦³¦Û¤vªº8-10Ó³æ¤@¿ï°Ï¡]Fleras &
Elliott, 1992: 90¡^¡C ¡]¤¡^¥xÆW 6.5.1
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Elliott, 1992: 157¡^¡C ¡]¤G¡^¿D¬w 7.2.1¦b¿D¬w¡A¬F©²ªº¹Dºp³Qµø¬°»Pì¦í¥Á¶i¦æ©M¸Ñªº¥²n±ø¥ó¡C°w¹ï¬F©²¦b1910-1970¦~¶¡±j¦æ±a¨«ì¦í¥Á¤p«Äªº°µªk¡A¦U¬Ù¡B¥H¤Î»â¦a¬F©²³£¦b1997¦~µoªí¹DºpÁn©ú¡FÁöµM¿D¬wÁp¨¹°ê·|¦b1999¦~³q¹LÁn©ú¡A¹ï©óì¦í¥Á¹L¥h©Ò¾D¨üªº¤£¤½¸qªí¥Üºp·N¡AÁ`²z¤]ªí¹FÓ¤Hªººp·N¡A¤£¹L¡AÁp¨¹¬F©²¥uÄ@·N¥Hª÷¿ú§@¬°½ßÀv¡B¨ÃµL¥¿¦¡¹Dºpªº·NÄ@¡A²z¥Ñ¬O¡A³o±Nªí¥Ü·í¥Nªº¿D¬w¤H¥²¶·¹ï°ê¥h¥ý¤H©Ò§@ªº¨Æt³d¡]Gardiner-Garden,
1999; Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.¡^¡C 7.2.2
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®Ú¾Ú¡yì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk¡z¡]Native Title Act,
1993 (Cth)¡^¡Aì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅv©Ò¦³ªÌ¥i¥H¦]¬°Åv§Q¨ü·l¡A¦Ó¦V¡u°ê®aì¦í¥Á¤g¦aÅvªk®x¡vn¨D½ßÀv¡F¦b1994-1997¦~¤§¶¡¡AÁ`¦@¦³500 ¦hÓ¨DÀv®×¥ó¡]Humphry, 1998¡^¡C ¡]¤T¡^¯Ã¦èÄõ 7.3.1 ¦U¦a¤ò§Q¤H¦b»P¬F©²¶i¦æ¾ú¥v½Í§P¤§»Ú¡A³Ì«áªº¨ó©w©¹©¹·|¥]¬A¤k¤ýªº¹Dºp¡AÄ´¦pTainui¨ó©w¡]1994¡^¡B¥H¤ÎWhatkatohea¨ó©w¡]1996¡^¡]Durie, 1998: 196¡B199¡^¡C 7.3.2
¯Ã¦èÄõ¥u¦³¹ï¤k©Êªº¥Åv¨î«×¡A¬F©²¨Ã¨S¦³¹ïì¦í¥Á¦³Ãþ¦ü¬ü°êªº¡u¿n·¥¦æ°Ê¡v¦w±Æ¡C¦³¨Ç¤j¾Ç¹ï©ó¤ò§Q¤H¤J¾Ç«r«O»Ù¦WÃB°µªk¡A¤£¹L¡A¦³¨Ç¬Fªv¤Hª«¨Ã¤£¤ä«ù¡]Berry, 2004¡^¡C 7.3.3¡@¯Ã¦èÄõ¬F©²¦b»P¤ò§Q¤H¶i¦æ¤g¦aÂkÁÙªº½Í§P¤§»Ú¡A°£¤F¤g¦a¥H¥~¡A©¹©¹¤]·|¦P®É¥H²{ª÷¡]©Îµ¥Èªº¸ê²£¡^§@¸ÉÀv¡AÄ´¦pTainui¨ó©w½ß¤@»õ¤C¤d¸U¡BWhatkatohea¨ó©w½ß¥|¤d¸U¡B¥H¤ÎNgai Tahu¨ó©w½ß¤@»õ¤C¤d¸U¡]Durie, 1998: 203¡^¡C ¡]¥|¡^¥[®³¤j 7.4.1±¹ïÀ£¤O¡A¥[®³¤j¬F©²¦b1998¦~¥¿¦¡«Å¥¬¤@¥÷¡u©M¸ÑÁn©ú¡v¡]Statement of
Reconciliation¡^¡A¹ï©ó¹L¥h150¦~¨Óªºì¦í¥Á¬Fµ¦ªí¥Üºp·N¡A¨Ã´£¥X¤@µ§¬°¼Æ¨â»õ4,500¸Uªº¡u©M¸Ñ°òª÷¡v¡]healing fund¡^¡]DePalma, 1998¡^¡G¡C 7.4.2 ®Ú¾Ú¡y¥[®³¤j¤HÅvªk¡z¡]Canadian Human Rights Act, 1985¡^²Ä16±ø¤§1¡A¹ï©ó¦Û¨Ó¾D¨üª[¥Üªºì¦í¥Á§@´N·~¤WªºÀu´f¡A¨Ã¤£¯àºâ¬Oª[µø©Êªº¦æ¬°¡C 7.4.3
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°ê®a©|¥¼¦³¹ïì¦í¥Á¹Dºpªº©ÀÀY¡C 7.5.2
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